Amri 10 za Kukusanya Maelezo ya Mfumo na Vifaa katika Linux
Daima ni mazoezi mazuri kujua vipengele vya maunzi vya mfumo wako wa Linux unavyoendelea, hii hukusaidia kukabiliana na masuala ya uoanifu linapokuja suala la kusakinisha vifurushi, viendeshaji kwenye mfumo wako kwa kutumia apt.
Kwa hiyo katika amri hizi muhimu ambazo zinaweza kukusaidia kutoa taarifa kuhusu mfumo wako wa Linux na vipengele vya maunzi.
1. Jinsi ya Kuangalia Taarifa ya Mfumo wa Linux
Ili kujua jina la mfumo pekee, unaweza kutumia amri ya uname bila swichi yoyote ambayo itachapisha habari ya mfumo au uname -s amri itachapisha jina la kernel ya mfumo wako.
[email ~ $ uname Linux
Kuangalia jina la mpangishi wa mtandao wako, tumia swichi ya '-n' yenye amri ya uname kama inavyoonyeshwa.
[email ~ $ uname -n linux-console.net
Ili kupata habari kuhusu toleo la kernel, tumia swichi ya '-v'.
[email ~ $ uname -v #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu kutolewa kwa kernel yako, tumia swichi ya '-r'.
[email ~ $ uname -r 3.13.0-37-generic
Ili kuchapisha jina la maunzi ya mashine yako, tumia swichi ya '-m':
[email ~ $ uname -m x86_64
Habari hii yote inaweza kuchapishwa mara moja kwa kutekeleza amri ya 'uname -a' kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
[email ~ $ uname -a Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2. Jinsi ya Kuangalia Taarifa ya Maunzi ya Mfumo wa Linux
Hapa unaweza kutumia zana ya lshw kukusanya taarifa nyingi kuhusu vipengele vyako vya maunzi kama vile cpu, diski, kumbukumbu, vidhibiti vya usb, n.k.
lshw ni zana ndogo na kuna chaguzi chache ambazo unaweza kutumia nayo wakati wa kutoa habari. Habari iliyotolewa na lshw ilikusanywa kutoka kwa faili tofauti za /proc.
Kumbuka: Kumbuka kuwa amri ya lshw inatekelezwa na mtumiaji mkuu (mzizi) au mtumiaji wa sudo.
Ili kuchapisha maelezo kuhusu maunzi ya mfumo wako wa Linux, endesha amri hii.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw linux-console.net description: Notebook product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70) vendor: LENOVO version: Lenovo Z50-70 serial: 1037407803441 width: 64 bits capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32 configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 *-core description: Motherboard product: Lancer 5A5 vendor: LENOVO physical id: 0 version: 31900059WIN serial: YB06377069 slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location *-firmware description: BIOS vendor: LENOVO physical id: 0 version: 9BCN26WW date: 07/31/2014 size: 128KiB capacity: 4032KiB capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720 int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi ......
Unaweza kuchapisha muhtasari wa habari yako ya maunzi kwa kutumia -short chaguo.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -short H/W path Device Class Description ===================================================== system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_ BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70) /0 bus Lancer 5A5 /0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS /0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U CPU @ 1.70GHz /0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache /0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache /0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache /0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache /0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory /0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty] /0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty] /0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous 1600 MHz (0.6 ns) /0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty] /0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller /0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller /0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller ...
Ikiwa ungependa kutoa pato kama faili ya html, unaweza kutumia chaguo -html.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3. Jinsi ya Kutazama Taarifa za CPU za Linux
Ili kuona maelezo kuhusu CPU yako, tumia amri ya lscpu kwani inaonyesha maelezo kuhusu usanifu wa CPU yako kama vile idadi ya CPU, cores, muundo wa familia wa CPU, kache za CPU, nyuzi, n.k kutoka kwa sysfs na /proc/cpuinfo.
[email ~ $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 69 Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 768.000 BogoMIPS: 4788.72 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4. Jinsi ya Kukusanya Taarifa za Kifaa cha Linux Zuia
Vifaa vya kuzuia ni vifaa vya kuhifadhi kama vile diski kuu, viendeshi vya flash, n.k. Amri ya lsblk hutumiwa kuripoti habari kuhusu vifaa vya kuzuia kama ifuatavyo.
[email ~ $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Ikiwa unataka kutazama vifaa vyote vya kuzuia kwenye mfumo wako basi jumuisha -a chaguo.
[email ~ $ lsblk -a NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 1 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk loop0 7:0 0 0 loop loop1 7:1 0 0 loop loop2 7:2 0 0 loop loop3 7:3 0 0 loop loop4 7:4 0 0 loop loop5 7:5 0 0 loop loop6 7:6 0 0 loop loop7 7:7 0 0 loop ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5. Jinsi ya Kuchapisha Taarifa za Vidhibiti vya USB
Amri ya lsusb hutumiwa kuripoti habari kuhusu vidhibiti vya USB na vifaa vyote vilivyounganishwa navyo.
[email ~ $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Unaweza kutumia -v chaguo kutoa maelezo ya kina kuhusu kila kifaa cha USB.
[email ~ $ lsusb -v
6. Jinsi ya Kuchapisha Taarifa za Vifaa vya PCI
Vifaa vya PCI vinaweza kujumuisha milango ya usb, kadi za michoro, adapta za mtandao, n.k. Zana ya lspci inatumiwa kutoa taarifa kuhusu vidhibiti vyote vya PCI kwenye mfumo wako pamoja na vifaa ambavyo vimeunganishwa navyo.
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu vifaa vya PCI endesha amri ifuatayo.
[email ~ $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10) 02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter 03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
Tumia -t chaguo kutoa pato katika umbizo la mti.
[email ~ $ lspci -t -[0000:00]-+-00.0 +-02.0 +-03.0 +-14.0 +-16.0 +-1b.0 +-1c.0-[01]----00.0 +-1c.3-[02]----00.0 +-1c.4-[03]----00.0 +-1d.0 +-1f.0 +-1f.2 \-1f.3
Tumia chaguo la -v kutoa maelezo ya kina kuhusu kila kifaa kilichounganishwa.
[email ~ $ lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62 Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 6000 [size=64] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7. Jinsi ya Kuchapisha Taarifa za Vifaa vya SCSI
Ili kutazama vifaa vyako vyote vya scsi/sata, tumia amri ya lsscsi kama ifuatavyo. Ikiwa huna zana ya lsscsi iliyosakinishwa, endesha amri ifuatayo ili kuifunga.
$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives] # yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems] # dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
Baada ya usakinishaji, endesha amri ya lsscsi kama inavyoonyeshwa:
[email ~ $ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
Tumia chaguo la -s kuonyesha ukubwa wa kifaa.
[email ~ $ lsscsi -s [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 - [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8. Jinsi ya Kuchapisha Taarifa kuhusu Vifaa vya SATA
Unaweza kupata taarifa fulani kuhusu vifaa vya sata kwenye mfumo wako kama ifuatavyo ukitumia matumizi ya hdparm. Katika mfano hapa chini, nilitumia kifaa cha kuzuia /dev/sda1 ambayo ni diski ngumu kwenye mfumo wangu.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu jiometri ya kifaa kulingana na mitungi, vichwa, sekta, saizi, na kifaa cha kuanzia, tumia -g chaguo.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9. Jinsi ya Kuangalia Taarifa ya Mfumo wa Faili ya Linux
Ili kukusanya taarifa kuhusu sehemu za mfumo wa faili, unaweza kutumia kurekebisha sehemu za mfumo wa faili, inaweza pia kutumika kutazama taarifa kuhusu sehemu tofauti kwenye mfumo wako wa faili.
Unaweza kuchapisha habari ya kizigeu kama ifuatavyo. Kumbuka kutekeleza amri kama mtumiaji mkuu au sivyo unaweza usione matokeo yoyote.
[email ~ $ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10. Jinsi ya Kuangalia Maelezo ya Vifaa vya Linux
Unaweza pia kutumia matumizi ya dmidecode kutoa maelezo ya maunzi kwa kusoma data kutoka kwa jedwali la DMI.
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu kumbukumbu, endesha amri hii kama mtumiaji mkuu.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: None Error Correcting Capabilities: None Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave Current Interleave: One-way Interleave Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB Supported Speeds: Other Supported Memory Types: Other Memory Module Voltage: Unknown Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu mfumo, endesha amri hii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: LENOVO Product Name: 20354 Version: Lenovo Z50-70 Serial Number: 1037407803441 UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 Family: IDEAPAD ...
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu BIOS, endesha amri hii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW Release Date: 07/31/2014 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 4096 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported BIOS is upgradeable BIOS shadowing is allowed Boot from CD is supported Selectable boot is supported EDD is supported Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) 5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h) CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h) ACPI is supported USB legacy is supported BIOS boot specification is supported Targeted content distribution is supported UEFI is supported BIOS Revision: 0.26 Firmware Revision: 0.26 ...
Ili kuchapisha habari kuhusu processor, endesha amri hii.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U3E1 Type: Central Processor Family: Core i5 Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1 Flags: ...
Muhtasari
Kuna njia nyingine nyingi unazoweza kutumia kupata taarifa kuhusu vipengele vya maunzi ya mfumo wako. Amri nyingi hizi hutumia faili kwenye saraka ya /proc kutoa habari ya mfumo.
Tunatumahi utapata vidokezo na hila hizi kuwa muhimu na kumbuka kuchapisha maoni ikiwa unataka kuongeza habari zaidi kwa hii au ikiwa unakabiliwa na ugumu wowote katika kutumia amri zozote. Kumbuka kuendelea kushikamana na Tecmint kila wakati.