Jifunze Kwa nini chini ni Haraka Kuliko Amri zaidi kwa Urambazaji Bora wa Faili

Zaidi ni safu ya amri ya *nix inayotumika kuonyesha yaliyomo kwenye faili kwenye koni. Matumizi ya msingi ya amri zaidi ni kuendesha amri dhidi ya faili kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini:

Jifunze Linux Amri 'zaidi'

# more /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:05:02 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
....

Njia nyingine ya kutumia amri zaidi kwa kushirikiana (bomba) na amri zingine, kama vile amri ya paka, kama inavyoonyeshwa kwenye mfano hapa chini:

# cat /var/log/auth.log | more

Ili kuvinjari mstari wa faili kwa mstari bonyeza Enter kitufe au ubofye kitufe cha Spacebar ili kusogeza ukurasa mmoja kwa wakati mmoja, ukurasa ukiwa saizi yako ya sasa ya skrini ya kulipia. Ili kuacha amri bonyeza tu kitufe cha q.

Chaguo muhimu la amri zaidi ni swichi ya -number ambayo hukuruhusu kuweka nambari ya mstari ambayo ukurasa unapaswa kuwa nayo. Kama mfano onyesha faili ya auth.log kama ukurasa wa mistari ya 10:

# more -10 /var/log/auth.log

Pia, unaweza kuonyesha ukurasa kuanzia nambari mahususi kwa kutumia chaguo la +namba kama ilivyoonyeshwa hapa chini:

# more +14 /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 12:09:01 tecmint CRON[7542]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:10:01 tecmint CRON[7577]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7700]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:15:01 tecmint CRON[7699]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:16:01 tecmint mate-screensaver-dialog: gkr-pam: unlocked login keyring
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:17:01 tecmint CRON[7793]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:20:01 tecmint CRON[7905]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8107]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (
uid=0)
Apr 12 12:25:01 tecmint CRON[8108]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (

Jifunze Linux Amri 'chini'

Sawa na zaidi, amri ndogo hukuruhusu kutazama yaliyomo kwenye faili na kupitia faili. Tofauti kuu kati ya zaidi na kidogo ni kwamba amri ndogo ni haraka kwa sababu haipakii faili nzima mara moja na inaruhusu urambazaji ingawa faili kwa kutumia funguo za ukurasa juu/chini.

In inaweza kutumika kama amri ya pekee iliyotolewa dhidi ya faili au kutumika na mirija yenye amri nyingi za Linux ili kupunguza matokeo ya skrini kukuwezesha kusogeza matokeo.

# less /var/log/auth.log
# ls /etc | less

Unaweza kupitia safu ya faili kwa kubonyeza kitufe cha Enter. Urambazaji wa ukurasa unaweza kushughulikiwa kwa spacebar ufunguo. Ukubwa wa ukurasa unawakilishwa na saizi yako ya sasa ya skrini ya mwisho. Ili kuondoka kwenye kitufe cha amri q, kwa njia sawa na kwa amri zaidi.

Kipengele muhimu cha amri ndogo ni matumizi ya chaguo la neno-to-seach. Kwa mfano unaweza kutafuta na kulinganisha ujumbe wote wa sshd kutoka kwa faili ya kumbukumbu kwa kubainisha kwa maingiliano mfuatano wa /sshd.

Ili kuonyesha faili inayoangalia nambari maalum ya mstari tumia syntax ifuatayo:

# less +5 /var/log/auth.log

Ikiwa unahitaji kufuatilia nambari ya kila laini iliyo na amri ndogo tumia chaguo la -N.

# less -N /var/log/daemon.log

      1 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      2 Apr 12 11:50:01 tecmint CRON[6932]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      3 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      4 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      5 Apr 12 11:55:01 tecmint CRON[7160]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      6 Apr 12 11:55:02 tecmint CRON[7159]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      7 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
      8 Apr 12 12:00:01 tecmint CRON[7290]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
      9 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7435]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     10 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
     11 Apr 12 12:05:01 tecmint CRON[7436]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root

Kwa chaguo-msingi njia pekee ya kuondoka kwa amri ndogo ni kugonga kitufe cha q. Ili kubadilisha tabia hii na kuondoka kiotomatiki unapofika mwisho wa faili tumia chaguo la -e au -E:

# less -e /var/log/auth.log
# less -E /var/log/auth.log

Ili kufungua faili katika tukio la kwanza la muundo tumia syntax ifuatayo:

# less +/sshd /var/log/auth.log

Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: Accepted password for tecmint from 192.168.0.15 port 41634 ssh2
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user tecmint by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:19:39 tecmint systemd-logind[954]: New session 1 of user tecmint.
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16728]: Received disconnect from 192.168.0.15: 11: disconnected by user
Apr 12 16:19:48 tecmint sshd[16666]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user tecmint
Apr 12 16:20:01 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:20:02 tecmint CRON[16799]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17026]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)
Apr 12 16:25:01 tecmint CRON[17025]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0)

Amri iliyo hapo juu inatuambia kidogo kufungua faili ya auth.log katika mechi ya kwanza ya mfuatano wa sshd.

Ili kuambatisha kiotomatiki maudhui ya faili iliyofunguliwa kwa amri ndogo tumia mchanganyiko wa vitufe vya Shift+f au uendeshe kidogo kwa sintaksia ifuatayo.

# less +F /var/log/syslog

Hii inapunguza utendakazi katika hali ya mwingiliano (moja kwa moja) na kuonyesha maudhui mapya kwa kuruka huku tukisubiri data mpya kuandikwa ili kuwasilisha. Tabia hii ni sawa na tail -f amri.

Kwa kuchanganya na mchoro unaweza kutazama faili ya kumbukumbu kwa maingiliano kwa Shift+f msimbo wa ufunguo huku ukilinganisha neno kuu. Ili kuondoka kwenye hali ya moja kwa moja bonyeza tu vitufe vya Ctrl+c.

# less +/CRON /var/log/syslog

Ikiwa utaamua kutumia zaidi au kidogo, ambayo ni chaguo la kibinafsi, kumbuka kuwa kidogo ni zaidi na vipengele vingi.