Jinsi ya Kuangalia Kiasi cha MD5 cha Vifurushi vilivyosanikishwa katika Debian/Ubuntu Linux
Umewahi kujiuliza kwa nini binary au kifurushi kilichowekwa kwenye mfumo wako haifanyi kazi kulingana na matarajio yako, ikimaanisha kuwa haifanyi kazi ipasavyo kama inavyopaswa kufanya, labda haiwezi kuanza hata kidogo.
Unapopakua vifurushi, unaweza kukumbana na changamoto za miunganisho ya mtandao isiyo thabiti au kukatika kwa umeme kwa njia isiyotarajiwa, hii inaweza kusababisha usakinishaji wa kifurushi kilichoharibika.
Kwa kuzingatia hili kama jambo muhimu katika kudumisha vifurushi ambavyo havijaharibika kwenye mfumo wako, kwa hivyo ni hatua muhimu ya kuthibitisha faili kwenye mfumo wa faili dhidi ya taarifa iliyohifadhiwa kwenye kifurushi kwa kutumia makala ifuatayo.
Jinsi ya Kuthibitisha Vifurushi vya Debian vilivyosakinishwa dhidi ya Checksums za MD5
Kwenye mifumo ya Debian/Ubuntu, unaweza kutumia zana ya debsums kuangalia hesabu za MD5 za vifurushi vilivyosakinishwa. Ikiwa unataka kujua habari kuhusu kifurushi cha debsums kabla ya kukisakinisha, unaweza kutumia APT-CACHE kama hivyo:
$ apt-cache search debsums
Ifuatayo, isakinishe kwa kutumia apt amri kama ifuatavyo:
$ sudo apt install debsums
Sasa ni wakati wake wa kujifunza jinsi ya kutumia zana ya debsums kuthibitisha MD5sum ya vifurushi vilivyosakinishwa.
Kumbuka: Nimetumia sudo na maagizo yote hapa chini kwa sababu faili zingine zinaweza kukosa ruhusa ya kusoma kwa watumiaji wa kawaida.
Kwa kuongeza, matokeo kutoka kwa amri ya debsums inakuonyesha eneo la faili upande wa kushoto na matokeo ya kuangalia upande wa kulia. Kuna matokeo matatu ambayo unaweza kupata, ni pamoja na:
- Sawa - inaonyesha kuwa jumla ya MD5 ya faili ni nzuri.
- IMESHINDWA - inaonyesha kuwa jumla ya MD5 ya faili hailingani.
- IMEPENDWA - inamaanisha kuwa faili mahususi imebadilishwa na faili kutoka kwa kifurushi kingine.
Unapoiendesha bila chaguzi zozote, debsms hukagua kila faili kwenye mfumo wako dhidi ya faili za hisa za md5sum.
$ sudo debsums
/usr/bin/a11y-profile-manager-indicator OK /usr/share/doc/a11y-profile-manager-indicator/copyright OK /usr/share/man/man1/a11y-profile-manager-indicator.1.gz OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/facebook.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/facebook/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-microblog.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-sharing.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-facebook/copyright OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/flickr.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/flickr/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-microblog.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-sharing.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-flickr/copyright OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/google.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/google/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/google-drive.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/google-im.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/picasa.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-google/copyright OK /lib/systemd/system/accounts-daemon.service OK /usr/lib/accountsservice/accounts-daemon OK /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.freedesktop.Accounts.User.xml OK /usr/share/dbus-1/interfaces/org.freedesktop.Accounts.xml OK /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services/org.freedesktop.Accounts.service OK /usr/share/doc/accountsservice/README OK /usr/share/doc/accountsservice/TODO OK ....
Ili kuwezesha ukaguzi wa kila faili na faili za usanidi kwa kila kifurushi kwa mabadiliko yoyote, jumuisha chaguo la -a au --all:
$ sudo debsums --all
/usr/bin/a11y-profile-manager-indicator OK /usr/share/doc/a11y-profile-manager-indicator/copyright OK /usr/share/man/man1/a11y-profile-manager-indicator.1.gz OK /etc/xdg/autostart/a11y-profile-manager-indicator-autostart.desktop OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/facebook.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/facebook/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-microblog.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/facebook-sharing.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-facebook/copyright OK /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/www.facebook.com.conf OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/flickr.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/flickr/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-microblog.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/flickr-sharing.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-flickr/copyright OK /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/login.yahoo.com.conf OK /usr/share/accounts/providers/google.provider OK /usr/share/accounts/qml-plugins/google/Main.qml OK /usr/share/accounts/services/google-drive.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/google-im.service OK /usr/share/accounts/services/picasa.service OK /usr/share/doc/account-plugin-google/copyright OK ...
Inawezekana kuangalia faili ya usanidi pekee bila kujumuisha faili zingine zote za kifurushi kwa kutumia chaguo la -e au --config:
$ sudo debsums --config
/etc/xdg/autostart/a11y-profile-manager-indicator-autostart.desktop OK /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/www.facebook.com.conf OK /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/login.yahoo.com.conf OK /etc/signon-ui/webkit-options.d/accounts.google.com.conf OK /etc/dbus-1/system.d/org.freedesktop.Accounts.conf OK /etc/acpi/asus-keyboard-backlight.sh OK /etc/acpi/events/asus-keyboard-backlight-down OK /etc/acpi/ibm-wireless.sh OK /etc/acpi/events/tosh-wireless OK /etc/acpi/asus-wireless.sh OK /etc/acpi/events/lenovo-undock OK /etc/default/acpi-support OK /etc/acpi/events/ibm-wireless OK /etc/acpi/events/asus-wireless-on OK /etc/acpi/events/asus-wireless-off OK /etc/acpi/tosh-wireless.sh OK /etc/acpi/events/asus-keyboard-backlight-up OK /etc/acpi/events/thinkpad-cmos OK /etc/acpi/undock.sh OK /etc/acpi/events/powerbtn OK /etc/acpi/powerbtn.sh OK /etc/init.d/acpid OK /etc/init/acpid.conf OK /etc/default/acpid OK ...
Ifuatayo, ili kuonyesha faili zilizobadilishwa pekee katika matokeo ya debsums, tumia chaguo la -c au --changed. Sikupata faili zozote zilizobadilishwa kwenye mfumo wangu.
$ sudo debsums --changed
Amri inayofuata huchapisha faili ambazo hazina maelezo ya md5sum, hapa tunatumia chaguo la -l na --list-missing. Kwenye mfumo wangu, amri haionyeshi faili yoyote.
$ sudo debsums --list-missing
Sasa ni wakati wa kuthibitisha jumla ya md5 ya kifurushi kimoja kwa kubainisha jina lake:
$ sudo debsums apache2
/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d/apache2-systemd.conf OK /usr/sbin/a2enmod OK /usr/sbin/a2query OK /usr/sbin/apache2ctl OK /usr/share/apache2/apache2-maintscript-helper OK /usr/share/apache2/ask-for-passphrase OK /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/a2enmod OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/NEWS.Debian.gz OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/PACKAGING.gz OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.Debian.gz OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.backtrace OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/README.multiple-instances OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/copyright OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/apache2.monit OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/secondary-init-script OK /usr/share/doc/apache2/examples/setup-instance OK /usr/share/lintian/overrides/apache2 OK /usr/share/man/man1/a2query.1.gz OK /usr/share/man/man8/a2enconf.8.gz OK /usr/share/man/man8/a2enmod.8.gz OK /usr/share/man/man8/a2ensite.8.gz OK /usr/share/man/man8/apache2ctl.8.gz OK
Kwa kudhani kuwa unatumia debsums kama mtumiaji wa kawaida bila sudo, unaweza kushughulikia hitilafu za ruhusa kama maonyo kwa kutumia --ignore-permissions chaguo:
$ debsums --ignore-permissions
Jinsi ya Kuzalisha Kiasi cha MD5 kutoka kwa Faili za .Deb
Chaguo la -g huambia madeni kutoa hesabu za MD5 kutoka kwa yaliyomo kwenye deb, ambapo:
- haipo - waagize madeni watengeneze kiasi cha MD5 kutoka kwa deni kwa vifurushi ambavyo havitoi moja.
- yote - inaelekeza madeni kupuuza hesabu za diski na kutumia ile iliyopo kwenye faili ya deni, au inayotokana nayo ikiwa haipo.
- weka - huwaambia madeni waandike kiasi kilichotolewa/kutolewa kwa faili ya /var/lib/dpkg/info/package.md5sums.
- noki - inamaanisha kuwa pesa zilizotolewa/zinazozalishwa hazijaangaliwa dhidi ya kifurushi kilichosakinishwa.
Unapoangalia yaliyomo kwenye saraka /var/lib/dpkg/info/, utaona md5sums kwa faili mbalimbali ambazo hupakia kama kwenye picha hapa chini:
$ cd /var/lib/dpkg/info $ ls *.md5sums
a11y-profile-manager-indicator.md5sums account-plugin-facebook.md5sums account-plugin-flickr.md5sums account-plugin-google.md5sums accountsservice.md5sums acl.md5sums acpid.md5sums acpi-support.md5sums activity-log-manager.md5sums adduser.md5sums adium-theme-ubuntu.md5sums adwaita-icon-theme.md5sums aisleriot.md5sums alsa-base.md5sums alsa-utils.md5sums anacron.md5sums apache2-bin.md5sums apache2-data.md5sums apache2.md5sums apache2-utils.md5sums apg.md5sums apparmor.md5sums app-install-data.md5sums app-install-data-partner.md5sums ...
Kumbuka kwamba kutumia chaguo la -g ni sawa na --generate=missing, unaweza kujaribu kutoa jumla ya md5 kwa kifurushi cha apache2 kwa kutekeleza amri ifuatayo.
$ sudo debsums --generate=missing apache2
Kwa kuwa kifurushi cha apache2 kwenye mfumo wangu tayari kina jumla ya md5, itaonyesha matokeo hapa chini, ambayo ni sawa na kukimbia:
$ sudo debsums apache2
Kwa chaguzi zaidi za kupendeza na habari ya utumiaji, angalia ukurasa wa mtu wa debsums.
$ man debsums
Katika nakala hii, tulishiriki jinsi ya kudhibitisha vifurushi vya Debian/Ubuntu vilivyosanikishwa dhidi ya ukaguzi wa MD5, hii inaweza kuwa muhimu ili kuzuia kusakinisha na kutekeleza vifurushi vilivyoharibika au faili za kifurushi kwenye mfumo wako kwa kuangalia faili kwenye mfumo wa faili dhidi ya habari iliyohifadhiwa ndani. kifurushi.
Kwa maswali au maoni yoyote, chukua fursa ya fomu ya maoni hapa chini. Kwa njia, unaweza pia kutoa pendekezo moja au mawili ili kufanya chapisho hili liwe bora zaidi.