Amri 12 Muhimu za Kuchuja Maandishi kwa Uendeshaji Bora wa Faili katika Linux
Katika makala hii, tutapitia zana kadhaa za mstari wa amri ambazo hufanya kama vichungi katika Linux. Kichujio ni programu inayosoma ingizo la kawaida, hufanya operesheni juu yake na kuandika matokeo kwa matokeo ya kawaida.
Kwa sababu hii, inaweza kutumika kuchakata taarifa kwa njia zenye nguvu kama vile kurekebisha matokeo ili kutoa ripoti muhimu, kurekebisha maandishi katika faili na kazi nyingine nyingi za usimamizi wa mfumo.
Kwa kuwa alisema, hapa chini ni baadhi ya faili muhimu au vichungi vya maandishi katika Linux.
1. Amri ya Awk
Awk ni lugha ya ajabu ya kuchanganua na kuchakata muundo, inaweza kutumika kutengeneza vichujio muhimu katika Linux. Unaweza kuanza kuitumia kwa kusoma mfululizo wetu wa Awk Sehemu ya 1 hadi Sehemu ya 13.
Kwa kuongeza, pia soma kupitia ukurasa wa mtu wa awk kwa habari zaidi na chaguzi za utumiaji:
$ man awk
2. Sed Amri
sed ni kihariri cha mtiririko chenye nguvu cha kuchuja na kubadilisha maandishi. Tayari tumeandika nakala mbili muhimu kwenye sed, ambazo unaweza kuzipitia hapa:
- Jinsi ya kutumia Amri ya GNU ‘sed’ Kuunda, Kuhariri, na Kudhibiti faili katika Linux
- Vidokezo na Mbinu 15 Muhimu za Amri za ‘sed’ kwa Majukumu ya Kila Siku ya Utawala wa Mfumo wa Linux
Ukurasa wa sed man umeongeza chaguzi za udhibiti na maagizo:
$ man sed
3. Amri za Grep, Egrep, Fgrep, Rgrep
Mistari ya pato la vichujio hivi vinavyolingana na mchoro fulani. Wanasoma mistari kutoka kwa faili au ingizo la kawaida, na kuchapisha mistari yote inayolingana kwa chaguo-msingi hadi pato la kawaida.
Kumbuka: Programu kuu inatumia chaguzi maalum za grep kama ilivyo hapo chini (na bado zinatumika kwa utangamano wa nyuma):
$ egrep = grep -E $ fgrep = grep -F $ rgrep = grep -r
Chini ni amri za msingi za grep:
[email ~ $ grep "aaronkilik" /etc/passwd aaronkilik:x:1001:1001::/home/aaronkilik: [email ~ $ cat /etc/passwd | grep "aronkilik" aaronkilik:x:1001:1001::/home/aaronkilik:
Unaweza kusoma zaidi juu ya Nini Tofauti Kati ya Grep, Egrep na Fgrep katika Linux?.
4. kichwa Amri
head hutumika kuonyesha sehemu za kwanza za faili, hutoa mistari 10 ya kwanza kwa chaguo-msingi. Unaweza kutumia alama ya nambari -n kubainisha idadi ya mistari itakayoonyeshwa:
[email ~ $ head /var/log/auth.log Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: tecmint : TTY=unknown ; PWD=/home/tecmint ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/checkAPT.py Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:51:39 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:55:01 TecMint CRON[4099]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:55:01 TecMint CRON[4099]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 11:05:01 TecMint CRON[4138]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 11:05:01 TecMint CRON[4138]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 11:09:01 TecMint CRON[4146]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) [email ~ $ head -n 5 /var/log/auth.log Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:45:01 TecMint CRON[3383]: pam_unix(cron:session): session closed for user root Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: tecmint : TTY=unknown ; PWD=/home/tecmint ; USER=root ; COMMAND=/usr/lib/linuxmint/mintUpdate/checkAPT.py Jan 2 10:51:34 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session opened for user root by (uid=0) Jan 2 10:51:39 TecMint sudo: pam_unix(sudo:session): session closed for user root
Jifunze jinsi ya kutumia amri ya kichwa na tail na paka amri kwa matumizi bora katika Linux.
5. Amri ya mkia
mkia hutoa sehemu za mwisho (mistari 10 kwa chaguo-msingi) za faili. Tumia swichi ya -n num ili kubainisha idadi ya mistari itakayoonyeshwa.
Amri hapa chini itatoa mistari 5 ya mwisho ya faili maalum:
[email ~ $ tail -n 5 /var/log/auth.log Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Zaidi ya hayo, mkia una chaguo maalum -f la kutazama mabadiliko katika faili katika muda halisi (hasa faili za kumbukumbu).
Amri ifuatayo itawawezesha kufuatilia mabadiliko katika faili maalum:
[email ~ $ tail -f /var/log/auth.log Jan 6 12:58:01 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 12:58:11 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 12:58:12 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 12:58:12 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Received SIGHUP; restarting. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on 0.0.0.0 port 22. Jan 6 13:01:27 TecMint sshd[1269]: Server listening on :: port 22.
Soma kupitia ukurasa wa mtu wa mkia kwa orodha kamili ya chaguzi na maagizo ya utumiaji:
$ man tail
6. panga Amri
sort hutumiwa kupanga mistari ya faili ya maandishi au kutoka kwa ingizo la kawaida.
Yafuatayo ni maudhui ya faili yenye jina domains.list:
[email ~ $ cat domains.list linux-console.net linux-console.net news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linuxsay.com linuxsay.com windowsmint.com windowsmint.com
Unaweza kuendesha amri rahisi ya kupanga kupanga yaliyomo kwenye faili kama hivyo:
[email ~ $ sort domains.list linuxsay.com linuxsay.com news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linux-console.net linux-console.net windowsmint.com windowsmint.com
Unaweza kutumia aina ya amri kwa njia nyingi, pitia baadhi ya vifungu muhimu kwenye amri ya kupanga kama ifuatavyo:
- Mifano 14 Muhimu ya Amri ya 'panga' ya Linux - Sehemu ya 1
- Vielelezo 7 vya Kuvutia vya Linux ‘panga’ Amri - Sehemu ya 2
- Jinsi ya Kupata na Kupanga Faili Kulingana na Tarehe na Wakati wa Urekebishaji
- Jinsi ya Kupanga Toleo la Amri ya ‘ls’ Kwa Tarehe na Wakati Iliyorekebishwa Mwisho
7. Uniq Amri
amri ya uniq inatumika kuripoti au kuacha mistari inayorudiwa, inachuja mistari kutoka kwa pembejeo ya kawaida na kuandika matokeo kwa pato la kawaida.
Baada ya kuendesha kupanga kwenye mkondo wa ingizo, unaweza kuondoa mistari inayorudiwa na uniq kama ilivyo kwenye mfano hapa chini.
Ili kuonyesha idadi ya matukio ya mstari, tumia chaguo la -c na upuuze tofauti wakati unapolinganisha kwa kujumuisha chaguo la -i:
[email ~ $ cat domains.list linux-console.net linux-console.net news.linux-console.net news.linux-console.net linuxsay.com linuxsay.com windowsmint.com [email ~ $ sort domains.list | uniq -c 2 linuxsay.com 2 news.linux-console.net 2 linux-console.net 1 windowsmint.com
Soma kupitia ukurasa wa uniq man kwa habari zaidi ya utumiaji na bendera:
$ man uniq
8. fmt Amri
fmt umbizo la maandishi rahisi zaidi, hurekebisha aya katika faili maalum na kuchapisha matokeo kwa matokeo ya kawaida.
Yafuatayo ni maudhui yaliyotolewa kutoka kwa faili domain-list.txt:
1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com
Ili kurekebisha yaliyomo hapo juu kuwa orodha ya kawaida, endesha amri ifuatayo na swichi ya -w inatumika kufafanua upeo wa upana wa mstari:
[email ~ $ cat domain-list.txt 1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com [email ~ $ fmt -w 1 domain-list.txt 1.linux-console.net 2.news.linux-console.net 3.linuxsay.com 4.windowsmint.com
9. pr Amri
amri ya pr inabadilisha faili za maandishi au pembejeo ya kawaida ya uchapishaji. Kwa mfano kwenye mifumo ya Debian, unaweza kuorodhesha vifurushi vyote vilivyosanikishwa kama ifuatavyo:
$ dpkg -l
Ili kupanga orodha katika kurasa na safu tayari kwa uchapishaji, toa amri ifuatayo.
[email ~ $ dpkg -l | pr --columns 3 -l 20 2017-01-06 13:19 Page 1 Desired=Unknown/Install ii adduser ii apg | Status=Not/Inst/Conf- ii adwaita-icon-theme ii app-install-data |/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-r ii adwaita-icon-theme- ii apparmor ||/ Name ii alsa-base ii apt +++-=================== ii alsa-utils ii apt-clone ii accountsservice ii anacron ii apt-transport-https ii acl ii apache2 ii apt-utils ii acpi-support ii apache2-bin ii apt-xapian-index ii acpid ii apache2-data ii aptdaemon ii add-apt-key ii apache2-utils ii aptdaemon-data 2017-01-06 13:19 Page 2 ii aptitude ii avahi-daemon ii bind9-host ii aptitude-common ii avahi-utils ii binfmt-support ii apturl ii aview ii binutils ii apturl-common ii banshee ii bison ii archdetect-deb ii baobab ii blt ii aspell ii base-files ii blueberry ii aspell-en ii base-passwd ii bluetooth ii at-spi2-core ii bash ii bluez ii attr ii bash-completion ii bluez-cups ii avahi-autoipd ii bc ii bluez-obexd .....
Bendera zinazotumika hapa ni:
--safuinafafanua idadi ya safu wima zilizoundwa katika matokeo.-linabainisha urefu wa ukurasa (chaguo-msingi ni mistari 66).
10. tr Amri
Zana hii hutafsiri au kufuta vibambo kutoka kwa ingizo la kawaida na huandika matokeo kwa matokeo ya kawaida.
Syntax ya kutumia tr ni kama ifuatavyo:
$ tr options set1 set2
Angalia mifano iliyo hapa chini, katika amri ya kwanza, set1( [:upper:] ) inawakilisha kesi ya herufi za ingizo (zote herufi kubwa).
Kisha set2([:lower:]) inawakilisha hali ambayo vibambo vya matokeo vitakuwa. Ni jambo lile lile katika mfano wa pili na mfuatano wa kutoroka \n unamaanisha matokeo ya kuchapisha kwenye mstari mpya:
[email ~ $ echo "WWW.TECMINT.COM" | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] linux-console.net [email ~ $ echo "news.linux-console.net" | tr [:lower:] [:upper:] NEWS.TECMINT.COM
11. Amri zaidi
amri zaidi ni kichujio muhimu cha usomaji faili iliyoundwa kimsingi kwa utazamaji wa cheti. Inaonyesha maudhui ya faili katika ukurasa kama umbizo, ambapo watumiaji wanaweza kubonyeza [Enter] ili kuona maelezo zaidi.
Unaweza kuitumia kutazama faili kubwa kama vile:
[email ~ $ dmesg | more [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.4.0-21-generic ([email ) (gcc version 5.3.1 20160413 (Ubuntu 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) ) #37-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 18 18:33:37 UTC 2016 (Ubuntu 4.4.0-21.37-generic 4.4.6) [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-21-generic root=UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x01: 'x87 floating point registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x02: 'SSE registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x04: 'AVX registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Using 'eager' FPU context switches. [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000a56affff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a56b0000-0x00000000a5eaffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a5eb0000-0x00000000aaabefff] usable --More--
12. chini ya Amri
less ni kinyume cha amri zaidi hapo juu lakini inatoa huduma za ziada na ni haraka sana na faili kubwa.
Tumia kwa njia sawa na zaidi:
[email ~ $ dmesg | less [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct [ 0.000000] Linux version 4.4.0-21-generic ([email ) (gcc version 5.3.1 20160413 (Ubuntu 5.3.1-14ubuntu2) ) #37-Ubuntu SMP Mon Apr 18 18:33:37 UTC 2016 (Ubuntu 4.4.0-21.37-generic 4.4.6) [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-4.4.0-21-generic root=UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1b ro quiet splash vt.handoff=7 [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x01: 'x87 floating point registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x02: 'SSE registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x04: 'AVX registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Using 'eager' FPU context switches. [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009d3ff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009d400-0x000000000009ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000e0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000a56affff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a56b0000-0x00000000a5eaffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000a5eb0000-0x00000000aaabefff] usable :
Jifunze Kwa nini 'chini' ni Haraka Kuliko 'zaidi' Amri kwa urambazaji mzuri wa faili katika Linux.
Ni hayo tu kwa sasa, tujulishe juu ya zana zozote muhimu za mstari wa amri ambazo hazijatajwa hapa, ambazo hufanya kama vichungi vya maandishi kwenye Linux kupitia sehemu ya maoni hapa chini.