Amri 10 za Nginx Zinazotumiwa Zaidi Kila Mtumiaji wa Linux Lazima Ajue
Nginx (inajulikana Engine x) ni HTTP isiyolipishwa, chanzo huria, yenye utendakazi wa hali ya juu, inayoweza kusambazwa, inayotegemewa, yenye vipengele kamili na maarufu na seva mbadala ya nyuma, seva ya proksi ya barua pepe, na seva mbadala ya TCP/UDP ya kawaida.
Nginx inajulikana sana kwa usanidi wake rahisi, na matumizi ya chini ya rasilimali kwa sababu ya utendakazi wake wa juu, inatumiwa kuwasha tovuti kadhaa za trafiki nyingi kwenye wavuti, kama vile GitHub, SoundCloud, Dropbox, Netflix, WordPress na zingine nyingi.
Katika mwongozo huu, tutaelezea baadhi ya amri za usimamizi wa huduma za Nginx zinazotumiwa sana ambazo, kama msanidi programu au msimamizi wa mfumo, unapaswa kuweka kiganjani mwako. Tutaonyesha amri kwa Systemd na SysVinit.
Orodha hizi zote zifuatazo za amri maarufu za Nginx lazima zitekelezwe kama mzizi au mtumiaji wa sudo na zinapaswa kufanya kazi kwenye usambazaji wowote wa kisasa wa Linux kama vile CentOS, RHEL, Debian, Ubuntu na Fedora.
Sakinisha Seva ya Nginx
Ili kusakinisha seva ya wavuti ya Nginx, tumia kidhibiti chaguo-msingi cha kifurushi cha usambazaji kama inavyoonyeshwa.
$ sudo yum install epel-release && yum install nginx [On CentOS/RHEL] $ sudo dnf install nginx [On Debian/Ubuntu] $ sudo apt install nginx [On Fedora]
Angalia Toleo la Nginx
Ili kuangalia toleo la seva ya wavuti ya Nginx iliyosakinishwa kwenye mfumo wako wa Linux, endesha amri ifuatayo.
$ nginx -v nginx version: nginx/1.12.2
Amri iliyo hapo juu inaonyesha nambari ya toleo. Ikiwa ungependa kuona toleo na kusanidi chaguo basi tumia alama ya -V kama inavyoonyeshwa.
$ nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2 built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16) (GCC) built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips 26 Jan 2017 TLS SNI support enabled configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/fastcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/scgi --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/run/lock/subsys/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-google_perftools_module --with-debug --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld -Wl,-E'
Angalia Sintaksia ya Usanidi wa Nginx
Kabla ya kuanza huduma ya Nginx, unaweza kuangalia ikiwa syntax yake ya usanidi ni sahihi. Hii ni muhimu sana ikiwa umefanya mabadiliko au kuongeza usanidi mpya kwa muundo uliopo wa usanidi.
Ili kujaribu usanidi wa Nginx, endesha amri ifuatayo.
$ sudo nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
Unaweza kujaribu usanidi wa Nginx, uitupe na uondoke kwa kutumia -T bendera kama inavyoonyeshwa.
$ sudo nginx -T
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
# configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:
# For more information on configuration, see:
# * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
# * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/
user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
}
http {
log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
'$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
'"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log main;
sendfile on;
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65;
types_hash_max_size 2048;
include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
default_type application/octet-stream;
# Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
# See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
# for more information.
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
server_name _;
root /usr/share/nginx/html;
# Load configuration files for the default server block.
include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
location / {
}
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /40x.html {
}
error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
location = /50x.html {
}
}
....
Anzisha Huduma ya Nginx
Ili kuanza huduma ya Nginx, endesha amri ifuatayo. Kumbuka kuwa mchakato huu unaweza kushindwa ikiwa sintaksia ya usanidi si sawa.
$ sudo systemctl start nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx start #sysvinit
Washa Huduma ya Nginx
Amri iliyotangulia huanza tu huduma kwa wakati huu, ili kuiwezesha kuanza kiotomatiki wakati wa kuwasha, endesha amri ifuatayo.
$ sudo systemctl enable nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx enable #sysv init
Anzisha tena Huduma ya Nginx
Ili kuanzisha upya huduma ya Nginx, hatua ambayo itasimama na kisha kuanza huduma.
$ sudo systemctl restart nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx restart #sysv init
Tazama Hali ya Huduma ya Nginx
Unaweza kuangalia hali ya huduma ya Nginx kama ifuatavyo. Amri hii inaonyesha habari ya hali ya wakati wa kukimbia kuhusu huduma.
$ sudo systemctl status nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx status #sysvinit
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-03-05 05:27:15 EST; 2min 59s ago
Main PID: 31515 (nginx)
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
├─31515 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
└─31516 nginx: worker process
Mar 05 05:27:15 linux-console.net systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Mar 05 05:27:15 linux-console.net nginx[31509]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
Mar 05 05:27:15 linux-console.net nginx[31509]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
Mar 05 05:27:15 linux-console.net systemd[1]: Failed to read PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument
Mar 05 05:27:15 linux-console.net systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.
Pakia upya Huduma ya Nginx
Kuambia Nginx kupakia upya usanidi wake, tumia amri ifuatayo.
$ sudo systemctl reload nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx reload #sysvinit
Acha Huduma ya Nginx
Ikiwa unataka kusimamisha huduma ya Nginx kwa sababu moja au nyingine, tumia amri ifuatayo.
$ sudo systemctl stop nginx #systemd OR $ sudo service nginx stop #sysvinit
Onyesha Msaada wa Amri ya Nginx
Ili kupata mwongozo rahisi wa kumbukumbu wa amri na chaguzi zote za Nginx, tumia amri ifuatayo.
$ systemctl -h nginx
systemctl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ...
Query or send control commands to the systemd manager.
-h --help Show this help
--version Show package version
--system Connect to system manager
-H --host=[[email ]HOST
Operate on remote host
-M --machine=CONTAINER
Operate on local container
-t --type=TYPE List units of a particular type
--state=STATE List units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state
-p --property=NAME Show only properties by this name
-a --all Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty
ones. To list all units installed on the system, use
the 'list-unit-files' command instead.
-l --full Don't ellipsize unit names on output
-r --recursive Show unit list of host and local containers
--reverse Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies'
--job-mode=MODE Specify how to deal with already queued jobs, when
queueing a new job
--show-types When showing sockets, explicitly show their type
-i --ignore-inhibitors
...
Unaweza pia kupenda kusoma nakala hizi zifuatazo zinazohusiana na Nginx.
- Mwongozo wa Mwisho wa Kulinda, Kuimarisha na Kuboresha Utendaji wa Seva ya Wavuti ya Nginx
- Kuza - Ufuatiliaji wa NGINX Umerahisishwa
- ngxtop - Fuatilia Faili za Ingia za Nginx kwa Wakati Halisi katika Linux
- Jinsi ya kusakinisha Nginx ukitumia Sevasji Pekee na Cheti cha SSL
- Jinsi ya Kuficha Toleo la Seva ya Nginx kwenye Linux
Ni hayo tu kwa sasa! Katika mwongozo huu, tumeelezea baadhi ya amri za usimamizi wa huduma za Nginx zinazotumiwa sana ambazo unapaswa kujua, ikiwa ni pamoja na kuanza, kuwezesha, kuanzisha upya na kusimamisha Nginx. Ikiwa una nyongeza au maswali ya kuuliza, tumia fomu ya maoni iliyo hapa chini.