Amri 20 za Netstat za Usimamizi wa Mtandao wa Linux
netstat (takwimu za mtandao) ni zana ya mstari wa amri ya kufuatilia miunganisho ya mtandao inayoingia na inayotoka na vile vile kutazama jedwali za uelekezaji, takwimu za kiolesura, n.k.
[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Amri 22 za Mitandao za Linux kwa Sysadmin ]
netstat inapatikana kwenye Mifumo yote ya Uendeshaji kama Unix na inapatikana pia kwenye Windows OS pia. Ni muhimu sana katika suala la utatuzi wa mtandao na kipimo cha utendakazi.
netstat ni mojawapo ya zana za msingi za utatuzi wa huduma za mtandao, zinazokuambia kusikiliza kwenye bandari.
Zana ya netstat ni muhimu sana na muhimu sana kwa wasimamizi wa mtandao wa Linux na vile vile wasimamizi wa mfumo kufuatilia na kutatua matatizo yao yanayohusiana na mtandao na kubainisha utendakazi wa trafiki ya mtandao.
Nakala hii inaonyesha matumizi ya netstat amri na mifano yao ambayo inaweza kuwa muhimu katika utendakazi wa kila siku.
[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Mifano 35 ya Vitendo ya Linux Tafuta Amri ]
Kuorodhesha bandari zote (TCP na UDP) kwa kutumia netstat -a chaguo.
# netstat -a | more Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:59482 *:* LISTEN udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 16972 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17149 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17161 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15938 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab
Inaorodhesha tu miunganisho ya bandari ya TCP (Itifaki ya Udhibiti wa Usambazaji) kwa kutumia netstat -at.
# netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT
Kuorodhesha tu miunganisho ya bandari ya UDP (Protocol ya Datagram ya Mtumiaji) kwa kutumia netstat -au.
# netstat -au Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:*
Kuorodhesha miunganisho yote ya bandari inayotumika na netstat -l.
# netstat -l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:58642 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 16972 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17149 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17161 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15938 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab
Kuorodhesha bandari zote za TCP zinazosikiza kwa kutumia chaguo netstat -lt.
# netstat -lt Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:dctp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:munin *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ftp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTEN
Kuorodhesha bandari zote za UDP zinazosikiza kwa kutumia chaguo netstat -lu.
# netstat -lu Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State udp 0 0 *:39578 *:* udp 0 0 *:meregister *:* udp 0 0 *:vpps-qua *:* udp 0 0 *:openvpn *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:* udp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* udp 0 0 *:ipp *:* udp 0 0 *:60222 *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:*
Kuorodhesha milango yote inayotumika ya kusikiliza ya UNIX kwa kutumia netstat -lx.
# netstat -lx Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4171 @ISCSIADM_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5767 /var/run/cups/cups.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 7082 @/tmp/fam-root- unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6157 /dev/gpmctl unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6215 @/var/run/hald/dbus-IcefTIUkHm unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6038 /tmp/.font-unix/fs7100 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6175 /var/run/avahi-daemon/socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4157 @ISCSID_UIP_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 60835836 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4645 /var/run/audispd_events unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5136 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6216 @/var/run/hald/dbus-wsUBI30V2I unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5517 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5531 /var/run/pcscd.comm
Huonyesha takwimu kwa itifaki. Kwa chaguomsingi, takwimu zinaonyeshwa kwa itifaki za TCP, UDP, ICMP na IP. Kigezo cha -s kinaweza kutumika kutaja seti ya itifaki.
# netstat -s Ip: 2461 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 2431 incoming packets delivered 2049 requests sent out Icmp: 0 ICMP messages received 0 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: 1 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 1 Tcp: 159 active connections openings 1 passive connection openings 4 failed connection attempts 0 connection resets received 1 connections established 2191 segments received 1745 segments send out 24 segments retransmited 0 bad segments received. 4 resets sent Udp: 243 packets received 1 packets to unknown port received. 0 packet receive errors 281 packets sent
Inaonyesha takwimu za itifaki ya TCP pekee kwa kutumia chaguo netstat -st.
# netstat -st Tcp: 2805201 active connections openings 1597466 passive connection openings 1522484 failed connection attempts 37806 connection resets received 1 connections established 57718706 segments received 64280042 segments send out 3135688 segments retransmited 74 bad segments received. 17580 resets sent
# netstat -su Udp: 1774823 packets received 901848 packets to unknown port received. 0 packet receive errors 2968722 packets sent
Kuonyesha jina la huduma na nambari yao ya PID, kwa kutumia chaguo netstat -tp itaonyesha PID/Jina la Mpango.
# netstat -tp Active Internet connections (w/o servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED 2179/sshd tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT 1939/clock-applet
Inaonyesha Hali ya Uasherati na swichi ya -ac, netstat chapisha taarifa iliyochaguliwa au onyesha upya skrini kila baada ya sekunde tano. Skrini chaguo-msingi huonyeshwa upya kila sekunde.
# netstat -ac 5 | grep tcp tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:58642 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59447 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:59482 *:* LISTEN
Onyesha jedwali la kuelekeza la IP la Kernel na netstat na amri ya njia.
# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Inaonyesha miamala ya pakiti ya kiolesura cha mtandao ikijumuisha kuhamisha na kupokea pakiti zenye ukubwa wa MTU.
# netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg eth0 1500 0 4459 0 0 0 4057 0 0 0 BMRU lo 16436 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 LRU
Inaonyesha jedwali la kiolesura cha Kernel, sawa na ifconfig amri.
# netstat -ie Kernel Interface table eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:B4:DA:21 inet addr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:feb4:da21/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4486 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4077 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2720253 (2.5 MiB) TX bytes:1161745 (1.1 MiB) Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)
Huonyesha maelezo ya ushiriki wa vikundi vingi kwa IPv4 na IPv6.
# netstat -g IPv6/IPv4 Group Memberships Interface RefCnt Group --------------- ------ --------------------- lo 1 all-systems.mcast.net eth0 1 224.0.0.251 eth0 1 all-systems.mcast.net lo 1 ff02::1 eth0 1 ff02::202 eth0 1 ff02::1:ffb4:da21 eth0 1 ff02::1
Ili kupata maelezo ya netstat kila baada ya sekunde chache, kisha tumia amri ifuatayo, itachapisha taarifa za netstat mfululizo, sema kila sekunde chache.
# netstat -c Active Internet connections (w/o servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36944 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42110 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 132 linux-console.net:ssh 115.113.134.3.static-:64662 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http crawl-66-249-71-240.g:41166 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:54823 localhost.localdomain:smtp TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:54822 localhost.localdomain:smtp TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42091 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36998 TIME_WAIT
Kutafuta familia za anwani ambazo hazijasanidiwa na taarifa muhimu.
# netstat --verbose netstat: no support for `AF IPX' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF AX25' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF X25' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF NETROM' on this system.
Jua ni programu ngapi za kusikiliza zinazoendeshwa kwenye bandari.
# netstat -ap | grep http tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN 9056/httpd tcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTEN 9056/httpd tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35248 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57783 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57769 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35270 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41637 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41614 TIME_WAIT - unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 88586726 10394/httpd
# netstat --statistics --raw Ip: 62175683 total packets received 52970 with invalid addresses 0 forwarded Icmp: 875519 ICMP messages received destination unreachable: 901671 echo request: 8 echo replies: 16253 IcmpMsg: InType0: 83 IpExt: InMcastPkts: 117
Hiyo tu, Ikiwa unatafuta maelezo zaidi na chaguo kuhusu amri ya netstat, rejelea hati za mwongozo za netstat au tumia amri ya man netstat kujua taarifa zote.
Ikiwa tumekosa chochote kwenye orodha, tafadhali tujulishe kwa kutumia sehemu yetu ya maoni hapa chini. Kwa hivyo, tunaweza kuendelea kusasisha orodha hii kulingana na maoni yako.