Amri 20 za YUM kwa Usimamizi wa Kifurushi cha Linux
Katika makala haya, tutajifunza jinsi ya kusakinisha, kusasisha, kuondoa, kupata vifurushi, kudhibiti vifurushi na hifadhi kwenye mifumo ya Linux kwa kutumia zana ya YUM (Yellowdog Updater Modified) iliyotengenezwa na RedHat.
Maagizo ya mfano yaliyoonyeshwa katika makala haya yanajaribiwa kivitendo kwenye uthibitishaji wetu wa RHEL, au kuchunguza tu njia za kusakinisha vifurushi vipya na kusasisha mfumo wako.
Mahitaji ya msingi ya makala hii ni, lazima uwe na uelewa wa msingi wa amri na mfumo wa uendeshaji wa Linux, ambapo unaweza kuchunguza na kufanya mazoezi ya amri zote zilizoorodheshwa hapa chini.
YUM ni nini?
YUM (Kisasisho cha Yellowdog Kilichobadilishwa) ni mstari wa amri wa chanzo huria na vile vile zana ya usimamizi wa kifurushi kulingana na picha kwa mifumo ya Linux ya RPM (RedHat Package Manager).
Huruhusu watumiaji na wasimamizi wa mfumo kusakinisha, kusasisha, kuondoa au kutafuta vifurushi vya programu kwenye mfumo kwa urahisi. Iliundwa na kutolewa na Seth Vidal chini ya GPL (Leseni ya Jumla ya Umma) kama chanzo huria, ambayo ina maana kwamba mtu yeyote anaweza kuruhusiwa kupakua na kufikia msimbo ili kurekebisha hitilafu na kutengeneza vifurushi vilivyobinafsishwa.
YUM hutumia hazina nyingi za wahusika wengine kusakinisha vifurushi kiotomatiki kwa kutatua masuala ya utegemezi wao.
Sasisha: Amri ya yum inabadilishwa na usambazaji wa msingi wa RPM.
Ili kusakinisha kifurushi kinachoitwa Firefox, endesha tu amri iliyo hapa chini itapata na kusakinisha vitegemezi vyote vinavyohitajika kwa Firefox.
# yum install firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================ Updating: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 20 M Updating for dependencies: xulrunner i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos updates 12 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 2 Package(s) Total download size: 32 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: (1/2): firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 20 MB 01:10 (2/2): xulrunner-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686.rpm | 12 MB 00:52 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Total 63 kB/s | 32 MB 02:04 Updated: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Dependency Updated: xulrunner.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Amri iliyo hapo juu itauliza uthibitisho kabla ya kusakinisha kifurushi chochote kwenye mfumo wako. Ikiwa ungependa kusakinisha vifurushi kiotomatiki bila kuomba uthibitisho wowote, tumia chaguo la -y kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini mfano.
# yum -y install firefox
Ili kuondoa kifurushi kabisa na tegemezi zote, endesha tu amri ifuatayo kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# yum remove firefox Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos set to be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ==================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ==================================================================================================== Removing: firefox i686 10.0.6-1.el6.centos @updates 23 M Transaction Summary ==================================================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : firefox-10.0.6-1.el6.centos.i686 1/1 Removed: firefox.i686 0:10.0.6-1.el6.centos Complete!
Kwa njia hiyo hiyo, amri ya juu itaomba uthibitisho kabla ya kuondoa mfuko. Ili kuzima kidokezo cha uthibitishaji ongeza tu chaguo -y kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# yum -y remove firefox
Wacha tuseme una toleo la kizamani la kifurushi cha MySQL na unataka kuisasisha hadi toleo thabiti la hivi karibuni. Endesha tu amri ifuatayo itasuluhisha kiotomati maswala yote ya utegemezi na kuyasakinisha.
# yum update mysql Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================ Updating: vsftpd i386 2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 updates 144 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 144 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : vsftpd 1/2 Cleanup : vsftpd 2/2 Updated: vsftpd.i386 0:2.0.5-24.el5_8.1 Complete!
Tumia kitendakazi cha orodha kutafuta kifurushi mahususi kilicho na jina. Kwa mfano kutafuta kifurushi kinachoitwa OpenSSH, tumia amri.
# yum list openssh Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: mirror.nus.edu.sg Installed Packages openssh.i386 4.3p2-72.el5_6.3 installed Available Packages 4.3p2-82.el5 base
Ili kufanya utafutaji wako kuwa sahihi zaidi, fafanua majina ya vifurushi ukitumia toleo lao, iwapo unajua. Kwa mfano kutafuta toleo maalum la OpenSSH-4.3p2 la kifurushi, tumia amri.
# yum list openssh-4.3p2
[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Jinsi ya Kulinda na Kuimarisha Seva ya OpenSSH ]
Ikiwa hukumbuki jina halisi la kifurushi, kisha utumie kipengele cha utafutaji kutafuta vifurushi vyote vinavyopatikana ili kufanana na jina la kifurushi ulichotaja. Kwa mfano, kutafuta vifurushi vyote vinavyolingana na neno.
# yum search vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirror.neu.edu.cn * epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn * extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn * rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net * updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in ============================== Matched: vsftpd ======================== ccze.i386 : A robust log colorizer pure-ftpd-selinux.i386 : SELinux support for Pure-FTPD vsftpd.i386 : vsftpd - Very Secure Ftp Daemon
Sema ungependa kujua maelezo kuhusu kifurushi kabla ya kukisakinisha. Ili kupata habari juu ya kifurushi toa tu amri ifuatayo.
# yum info firefox
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* epel: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* extras: mirror.neu.edu.cn
* rpmforge: mirror.nl.leaseweb.net
* updates: ftp.iitm.ac.in
Available Packages
Name : firefox
Arch : i386
Version : 10.0.6
Release : 1.el5.centos
Size : 20 M
Repo : updates
Summary : Mozilla Firefox Web browser
URL : http://www.mozilla.org/projects/firefox/
License : MPLv1.1 or GPLv2+ or LGPLv2+
Description: Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser, designed for standards
: compliance, performance and portability.Ili kuorodhesha vifurushi vyote vinavyopatikana kwenye hifadhidata ya Yum, tumia amri iliyo hapa chini.
# yum list | less
Ili kuorodhesha vifurushi vyote vilivyowekwa kwenye mfumo, toa tu amri iliyo chini, itaonyesha vifurushi vyote vilivyowekwa.
# yum list installed | less
Yum hutoa utendakazi hutumika kupata kifurushi maalum cha faili. Kwa mfano, ikiwa ungependa kujua jina la kifurushi ambacho kina /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf.
# yum provides /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf Loaded plugins: fastestmirror httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-63.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-65.el5.centos.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : updates Matched from: Filename : /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd-2.2.3-53.el5.centos.1.i386 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : installed Matched from: Other : Provides-match: /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Ili kupata ni vifurushi vingapi vilivyosakinishwa kwenye mfumo wako vina masasisho yanayopatikana, angalia ili kutumia amri ifuatayo.
# yum check-update
Ili kusasisha mfumo wako na masasisho yote ya usalama na kifurushi cha binary, endesha amri ifuatayo. Itasakinisha viraka vyote vya hivi punde na masasisho ya usalama kwenye mfumo wako.
# yum update
Katika Linux, idadi ya vifurushi huwekwa kwenye kikundi fulani. Badala ya kusakinisha vifurushi vya mtu binafsi na yum, unaweza kusakinisha kikundi fulani ambacho kitasakinisha vifurushi vyote vinavyohusiana ambavyo ni vya kikundi. Kwa mfano kuorodhesha vikundi vyote vinavyopatikana, toa tu amri ifuatayo.
# yum grouplist Installed Groups: Administration Tools DNS Name Server Dialup Networking Support Editors Engineering and Scientific FTP Server Graphics Java Development Legacy Network Server Available Groups: Authoring and Publishing Base Beagle Cluster Storage Clustering Development Libraries Development Tools Eclipse Educational Software KDE (K Desktop Environment) KDE Software Development
Ili kusakinisha kikundi fulani cha kifurushi, tunatumia chaguo kama groupinstall. Kwa mfano, kusakinisha MySQL Database, tekeleza amri iliyo hapa chini.
# yum groupinstall 'MySQL Database' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================= Updating: unixODBC i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 290 k Installing for dependencies: unixODBC-libs i386 2.2.11-10.el5 base 551 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Upgrade 1 Package(s) Total size: 841 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : unixODBC-libs 1/3 Updating : unixODBC 2/3 Cleanup : unixODBC 3/3 Dependency Installed: unixODBC-libs.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Updated: unixODBC.i386 0:2.2.11-10.el5 Complete!
Ili kusasisha vifurushi vyovyote vya kikundi vilivyosakinishwa, endesha tu amri ifuatayo kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# yum groupupdate 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================================================ Updating: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 981 k bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 47 k Updating for dependencies: bind-libs i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 864 k bind-utils i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 updates 174 k Transaction Summary ================================================================================================================ Install 0 Package(s) Upgrade 4 Package(s) Total size: 2.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Updating : bind-libs 1/8 Updating : bind 2/8 Updating : bind-chroot 3/8 Updating : bind-utils 4/8 Cleanup : bind 5/8 Cleanup : bind-chroot 6/8 Cleanup : bind-utils 7/8 Cleanup : bind-libs 8/8 Updated: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Dependency Updated: bind-libs.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-utils.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Ili kufuta au kuondoa kikundi chochote kilichosakinishwa kutoka kwa mfumo, tumia tu amri iliyo hapa chini.
# yum groupremove 'DNS Name Server' Dependencies Resolved =========================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =========================================================================================================== Removing: bind i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 2.1 M bind-chroot i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 installed 0.0 Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================== Remove 2 Package(s) Reinstall 0 Package(s) Downgrade 0 Package(s) Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Finished Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : bind 1/2 warning: /etc/sysconfig/named saved as /etc/sysconfig/named.rpmsave Erasing : bind-chroot 2/2 Removed: bind.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 bind-chroot.i386 30:9.3.6-20.P1.el5_8.2 Complete!
Ili kuorodhesha hazina zote za Yum zilizowezeshwa kwenye mfumo wako, tumia chaguo lifuatalo.
# yum repolist repo id repo name status base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 mod-pagespeed mod-pagespeed enabled: 1 rpmforge RHEL 5 - RPMforge.net - dag enabled: 11,290 updates CentOS-5 - Updates enabled: 743 repolist: 20,824
Amri ifuatayo itaonyesha hazina zote za yum zilizowezeshwa na kuzimwa kwenye mfumo.
# yum repolist all repo id repo name status C5.0-base CentOS-5.0 - Base disabled C5.0-centosplus CentOS-5.0 - Plus disabled C5.0-extras CentOS-5.0 - Extras disabled base CentOS-5 - Base enabled: 2,725 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 5 - i386 enabled: 5,783 extras CentOS-5 - Extras enabled: 282 repolist: 20,824
Ili kusakinisha kifurushi fulani kutoka kwa hazina maalum iliyowezeshwa au iliyozimwa, lazima utumie chaguo la --enablerepo katika amri yako ya yum. Kwa mfano kusakinisha kifurushi cha PhpMyAdmin, toa tu amri.
# yum --enablerepo=epel install phpmyadmin Dependencies Resolved ============================================================================================= Package Arch Version Repository Size ============================================================================================= Installing: phpMyAdmin noarch 3.5.1-1.el6 epel 4.2 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================= Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 4.2 M Installed size: 17 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch.rpm | 4.2 MB 00:25 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Verifying : phpMyAdmin-3.5.1-1.el6.noarch 1/1 Installed: phpMyAdmin.noarch 0:3.5.1-1.el6 Complete!
Huduma ya Yum hutoa ganda maalum ambapo unaweza kutekeleza amri nyingi.
# yum shell Loaded plugins: fastestmirror Setting up Yum Shell > update httpd Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * epel: ftp.riken.jp * extras: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net * updates: mirrors.sin3.sg.voxel.net Setting up Update Process >
Kwa chaguo-msingi yum huweka data ya kifurushi kilichowezeshwa katika /var/cache/yum/ na kila saraka ndogo, kusafisha faili zote zilizohifadhiwa kutoka kwa hazina iliyowezeshwa, unahitaji kutekeleza amri ifuatayo mara kwa mara ili kusafisha kashe yote na kutengeneza. hakikisha kuwa hakuna nafasi isiyo ya lazima inayotumiwa. Hatutaki kutoa matokeo ya amri iliyo hapa chini, kwa sababu tunapenda kuweka data iliyohifadhiwa kama ilivyo.
# yum clean all
Kuangalia shughuli zote zilizopita za amri ya yum, tumia tu amri ifuatayo.
# yum history
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10 | root | 2012-08-11 15:19 | Install | 3
9 | root | 2012-08-11 15:11 | Install | 1
8 | root | 2012-08-11 15:10 | Erase | 1 EE
7 | root | 2012-08-10 17:44 | Install | 1
6 | root | 2012-08-10 12:19 | Install | 2
5 | root | 2012-08-10 12:14 | Install | 3
4 | root | 2012-08-10 12:12 | I, U | 13 E<
3 | root | 2012-08-09 13:01 | Install | 1 >
2 | root | 2012-08-08 20:13 | I, U | 292 EE
1 | System | 2012-08-08 17:15 | Install | 560
history listTumejaribu kufidia mambo yote ya msingi ili kuendeleza amri za yum na mifano yao. Ikiwa kitu chochote kinachohusiana na amri za yum kinaweza kukosa. Tafadhali tusasishe kupitia kisanduku chetu cha maoni. Kwa hivyo, tunaendelea kusasisha sawa kulingana na maoni yaliyopokelewa.