Amri 12 za Tcpdump - Zana ya Kunusa Mtandao
Katika makala yetu iliyopita, tumeona ss amri) kufuatilia au kudhibiti mtandao wa Linux. Huu ni mfululizo wetu mwingine unaoendelea wa zana ya kunusa ya pakiti inayoitwa tcpdump. Hapa, tutakuonyesha jinsi ya kusakinisha tcpdump na kisha tunajadili na kufunika baadhi ya amri muhimu na mifano yao ya vitendo.
tcpdump ni pakiti za mstari wa amri zenye nguvu zaidi na zinazotumika sana kunusa au zana ya kuchanganua vifurushi ambayo hutumika kunasa au kuchuja pakiti za TCP/IP ambazo hupokelewa au kuhamishwa kupitia mtandao kwenye kiolesura mahususi.
[ Unaweza pia kupenda: 16 Zana Muhimu za Kufuatilia Bandwidth Kuchanganua Matumizi ya Mtandao katika Linux ]
Inapatikana chini ya mifumo mingi ya uendeshaji inayotegemea Linux/Unix. tcpdump pia inatupa chaguo la kuhifadhi pakiti zilizonaswa kwenye faili kwa uchanganuzi wa siku zijazo. Huhifadhi faili katika umbizo la pcap, ambalo linaweza kutazamwa kwa amri ya tcpdump au zana ya chanzo-wazi ya GUI inayoitwa Wireshark (Mchanganuo wa Itifaki ya Mtandao) ambayo inasoma faili za umbizo la tcpdump pcap.
Jinsi ya kufunga tcpdump kwenye Linux
Usambazaji mwingi wa Linux tayari umesafirishwa na zana ya tcpdump, ikiwa huna kwenye mfumo, unaweza kuiweka kwa kutumia mojawapo ya amri zifuatazo.
$ sudo apt-get install tcpdump [On Debian, Ubuntu and Mint] $ sudo yum install tcpdump [On RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux] $ sudo emerge -a sys-apps/tcpdump [On Gentoo Linux] $ sudo pacman -S tcpdump [On Arch Linux] $ sudo zypper install tcpdump [On OpenSUSE]
Kuanza na Mifano ya Amri ya tcpdump
Mara tu zana ya tcpdump itakaposakinishwa kwenye mfumo wako, unaweza kuendelea kuvinjari amri zifuatazo na mifano yao.
Skrini ya amri itasonga juu hadi uikatiza na tutakapotekeleza amri ya tcpdump itanasa kutoka kwa violesura vyote, hata hivyo kwa -i badilisha kunasa tu kutoka kwa kiolesura unachotaka.
# tcpdump -i eth0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 11:33:31.976358 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 3500440357:3500440553, ack 3652628334, win 18760, length 196 11:33:31.976603 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 64487, length 0 11:33:31.977243 ARP, Request who-has linux-console.net tell 172.16.25.126, length 28 11:33:31.977359 ARP, Reply linux-console.net is-at 00:14:5e:67:26:1d (oui Unknown), length 46 11:33:31.977367 IP 172.16.25.126.54807 > linux-console.net: 4240+ PTR? 125.25.16.172.in-addr.arpa. (44) 11:33:31.977599 IP linux-console.net > 172.16.25.126.54807: 4240 NXDomain 0/1/0 (121) 11:33:31.977742 IP 172.16.25.126.44519 > linux-console.net: 40988+ PTR? 126.25.16.172.in-addr.arpa. (44) 11:33:32.028747 IP 172.16.20.33.netbios-ns > 172.16.31.255.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; BROADCAST 11:33:32.112045 IP 172.16.21.153.netbios-ns > 172.16.31.255.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; BROADCAST 11:33:32.115606 IP 172.16.21.144.netbios-ns > 172.16.31.255.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): QUERY; REQUEST; BROADCAST 11:33:32.156576 ARP, Request who-has 172.16.16.37 tell old-oraclehp1.midcorp.mid-day.com, length 46 11:33:32.348738 IP linux-console.net > 172.16.25.126.44519: 40988 NXDomain 0/1/0 (121)
Unapoendesha amri ya tcpdump itakamata pakiti zote za kiolesura maalum, hadi ubonyeze kitufe cha kughairi. Lakini kwa kutumia -c chaguo, unaweza kunasa idadi maalum ya pakiti. Mfano ulio hapa chini utachukua pakiti 6 pekee.
# tcpdump -c 5 -i eth0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 11:40:20.281355 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 3500447285:3500447481, ack 3652629474, win 18760, length 196 11:40:20.281586 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 65235, length 0 11:40:20.282244 ARP, Request who-has linux-console.net tell 172.16.25.126, length 28 11:40:20.282360 ARP, Reply linux-console.net is-at 00:14:5e:67:26:1d (oui Unknown), length 46 11:40:20.282369 IP 172.16.25.126.53216 > linux-console.net.domain: 49504+ PTR? 125.25.16.172.in-addr.arpa. (44) 11:40:20.332494 IP linux-console.net.netbios-ssn > 172.16.26.17.nimaux: Flags [P.], seq 3058424861:3058424914, ack 693912021, win 64190, length 53 NBT Session Packet: Session Message 6 packets captured 23 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
Amri ya tcpdump iliyo hapa chini yenye chaguo -A inaonyesha kifurushi katika umbizo la ASCII. Ni umbizo la mpangilio wa usimbaji herufi.
# tcpdump -A -i eth0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 09:31:31.347508 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 3329372346:3329372542, ack 4193416789, win 17688, length 196 M.r0...vUP.E.X.......~.%..>N..oFk.........KQ..)Eq.d.,....r^l......m\[email _..J....i.*.....2f.mQH...Q.c...6....9.v.gb........;..4.).UiCY]..9..x.)..Z.XF....'|..E......M..u.5.......ul 09:31:31.347760 IP 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1 > 192.168.0.2.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 64351, length 0 M....vU.r1~P.._.......... ^C09:31:31.349560 IP 192.168.0.2.46393 > b.resolvers.Level3.net.domain: 11148+ PTR? 1.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (42) [email @............9.5.2.f+............1.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa..... 3 packets captured 11 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
Ili kuorodhesha idadi ya violesura vinavyopatikana kwenye mfumo, endesha amri ifuatayo na chaguo la -D.
# tcpdump -D 1.eth0 2.eth1 3.usbmon1 (USB bus number 1) 4.usbmon2 (USB bus number 2) 5.usbmon3 (USB bus number 3) 6.usbmon4 (USB bus number 4) 7.usbmon5 (USB bus number 5) 8.any (Pseudo-device that captures on all interfaces) 9.lo
Amri ifuatayo yenye chaguo -XX inasa data ya kila pakiti, ikijumuisha kichwa chake cha kiwango cha kiungo katika umbizo la HEX na ASCII.
# tcpdump -XX -i eth0
11:51:18.974360 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 3509235537:3509235733, ack 3652638190, win 18760, length 196
0x0000: b8ac 6f2e 57b3 0001 6c99 1468 0800 4510 ..o.W...l..h..E.
0x0010: 00ec 8783 4000 4006 275d ac10 197e ac10 [email @.']...~..
0x0020: 197d 0016 1129 d12a af51 d9b6 d5ee 5018 .}...).*.Q....P.
0x0030: 4948 8bfa 0000 0e12 ea4d 22d1 67c0 f123 IH.......M".g..#
0x0040: 9013 8f68 aa70 29f3 2efc c512 5660 4fe8 ...h.p).....V`O.
0x0050: 590a d631 f939 dd06 e36a 69ed cac2 95b6 Y..1.9...ji.....
0x0060: f8ba b42a 344b 8e56 a5c4 b3a2 ed82 c3a1 ...*4K.V........
0x0070: 80c8 7980 11ac 9bd7 5b01 18d5 8180 4536 ..y.....[.....E6
0x0080: 30fd 4f6d 4190 f66f 2e24 e877 ed23 8eb0 0.OmA..o.$.w.#..
0x0090: 5a1d f3ec 4be4 e0fb 8553 7c85 17d9 866f Z...K....S|....o
0x00a0: c279 0d9c 8f9d 445b 7b01 81eb 1b63 7f12 .y....D[{....c..
0x00b0: 71b3 1357 52c7 cf00 95c6 c9f6 63b1 ca51 q..WR.......c..Q
0x00c0: 0ac6 456e 0620 38e6 10cb 6139 fb2a a756 ..En..8...a9.*.V
0x00d0: 37d6 c5f3 f5f3 d8e8 3316 d14f d7ab fd93 7.......3..O....
0x00e0: 1137 61c1 6a5c b4d1 ddda 380a f782 d983 .7a.j\....8.....
0x00f0: 62ff a5a9 bb39 4f80 668a b....9O.f.
11:51:18.974759 IP 172.16.25.126.60952 > mddc-01.midcorp.mid-day.com.domain: 14620+ PTR? 125.25.16.172.in-addr.arpa. (44)
0x0000: 0014 5e67 261d 0001 6c99 1468 0800 4500 ..^g&...l..h..E.
0x0010: 0048 5a83 4000 4011 5e25 ac10 197e ac10 [email @.^%...~..
0x0020: 105e ee18 0035 0034 8242 391c 0100 0001 .^...5.4.B9.....
0x0030: 0000 0000 0000 0331 3235 0232 3502 3136 .......125.25.16
0x0040: 0331 3732 0769 6e2d 6164 6472 0461 7270 .172.in-addr.arp
0x0050: 6100 000c 0001 a.....Kama tulivyosema, tcpdump hiyo ina kipengele cha kunasa na kuhifadhi faili katika umbizo la .pcap, kufanya hivi ni kutekeleza tu amri kwa chaguo la -w.
# tcpdump -w 0001.pcap -i eth0 tcpdump: listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 4 packets captured 4 packets received by filter 0 packets dropped by kernel
Kusoma na kuchambua faili ya pakiti 0001.pcap iliyonaswa tumia amri iliyo na chaguo la -r, kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# tcpdump -r 0001.pcap reading from file 0001.pcap, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet) 09:59:34.839117 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 3353041614:3353041746, ack 4193563273, win 18760, length 132 09:59:34.963022 IP 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1 > 192.168.0.2.ssh: Flags [.], ack 132, win 65351, length 0 09:59:36.935309 IP 192.168.0.1.netbios-dgm > 192.168.0.255.netbios-dgm: NBT UDP PACKET(138) 09:59:37.528731 IP 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1 > 192.168.0.2.ssh: Flags [P.], seq 1:53, ack 132, win 65351, length 5
Ili kunasa pakiti za kiolesura maalum, endesha amri ifuatayo kwa chaguo -n.
# tcpdump -n -i eth0 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 12:07:03.952358 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 3509512873:3509513069, ack 3652639034, win 18760, length 196 12:07:03.952602 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 64171, length 0 12:07:03.953311 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 196:504, ack 1, win 18760, length 308 12:07:03.954288 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 504:668, ack 1, win 18760, length 164 12:07:03.954502 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 668, win 65535, length 0 12:07:03.955298 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 668:944, ack 1, win 18760, length 276 12:07:03.955425 IP 172.16.23.16.netbios-ns > 172.16.31.255.netbios-ns: NBT UDP PACKET(137): REGISTRATION; REQUEST; BROADCAST 12:07:03.956299 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 944:1236, ack 1, win 18760, length 292 12:07:03.956535 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1236, win 64967, length 0
Ili kunasa pakiti kulingana na mlango wa TCP, endesha amri ifuatayo na chaguo tcp.
# tcpdump -i eth0 tcp tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 12:10:36.216358 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 3509646029:3509646225, ack 3652640142, win 18760, length 196 12:10:36.216592 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 64687, length 0 12:10:36.219069 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 196:504, ack 1, win 18760, length 308 12:10:36.220039 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 504:668, ack 1, win 18760, length 164 12:10:36.220260 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 668, win 64215, length 0 12:10:36.222045 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 668:944, ack 1, win 18760, length 276 12:10:36.223036 IP 172.16.25.126.ssh > 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler: Flags [P.], seq 944:1108, ack 1, win 18760, length 164 12:10:36.223252 IP 172.16.25.125.apwi-rxspooler > 172.16.25.126.ssh: Flags [.], ack 1108, win 65535, length 0 ^C12:10:36.223461 IP mid-pay.midcorp.mid-day.com.netbios-ssn > 172.16.22.183.recipe: Flags [.], seq 283256512:283256513, ack 550465221, win 65531, length 1[|SMB]
Wacha tuseme unataka kunasa pakiti za bandari maalum 22, tekeleza amri iliyo hapa chini kwa kubainisha nambari ya bandari 22 kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# tcpdump -i eth0 port 22 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 10:37:49.056927 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 3364204694:3364204890, ack 4193655445, win 20904, length 196 10:37:49.196436 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 4294967244:196, ack 1, win 20904, length 248 10:37:49.196615 IP 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1 > 192.168.0.2.ssh: Flags [.], ack 196, win 64491, length 0 10:37:49.379298 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 196:616, ack 1, win 20904, length 420 10:37:49.381080 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 616:780, ack 1, win 20904, length 164 10:37:49.381322 IP 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1 > 192.168.0.2.ssh: Flags [.], ack 780, win 65535, length 0
Ili kunasa pakiti kutoka IP chanzo, sema unataka kunasa pakiti za 192.168.0.2, tumia amri kama ifuatavyo.
# tcpdump -i eth0 src 192.168.0.2 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 10:49:15.746474 IP 192.168.0.2.ssh > 192.168.0.1.nokia-ann-ch1: Flags [P.], seq 3364578842:3364579038, ack 4193668445, win 20904, length 196 10:49:15.748554 IP 192.168.0.2.56200 > b.resolvers.Level3.net.domain: 11289+ PTR? 1.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (42) 10:49:15.912165 IP 192.168.0.2.56234 > b.resolvers.Level3.net.domain: 53106+ PTR? 2.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa. (42) 10:49:16.074720 IP 192.168.0.2.33961 > b.resolvers.Level3.net.domain: 38447+ PTR? 2.2.2.4.in-addr.arpa. (38)
Ili kunasa pakiti kutoka IP lengwa, sema unataka kunasa pakiti za 50.116.66.139, tumia amri kama ifuatavyo.
# tcpdump -i eth0 dst 50.116.66.139 tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode listening on eth0, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 65535 bytes 10:55:01.798591 IP 192.168.0.2.59896 > 50.116.66.139.http: Flags [.], ack 2480401451, win 318, options [nop,nop,TS val 7955710 ecr 804759402], length 0 10:55:05.527476 IP 192.168.0.2.59894 > 50.116.66.139.http: Flags [F.], seq 2521556029, ack 2164168606, win 245, options [nop,nop,TS val 7959439 ecr 804759284], length 0 10:55:05.626027 IP 192.168.0.2.59894 > 50.116.66.139.http: Flags [.], ack 2, win 245, options [nop,nop,TS val 7959537 ecr 804759787], length 0
Makala haya yanaweza kukusaidia kuchunguza amri ya tcpdump kwa kina na pia kunasa na kuchanganua pakiti katika siku zijazo. Kuna idadi ya chaguzi zinazopatikana, unaweza kutumia chaguzi kulingana na mahitaji yako. Tafadhali shiriki ikiwa unaona nakala hii kuwa muhimu kupitia sanduku letu la maoni.