Mifano 10 za Amri katika Linux
Huu ni mfululizo wetu unaoendelea wa amri za Linux na katika makala hii, tutapitia lsof amri na mifano ya vitendo. lsof ikimaanisha 'LiSt Open Files' hutumika kujua ni faili zipi zimefunguliwa kwa mchakato gani.
Kama sisi sote tunajua Linux/Unix inazingatia kila kitu kama faili (mabomba, soketi, saraka, vifaa, n.k). Moja ya sababu za kutumia lsof amri ni wakati diski haiwezi kupunguzwa kwani inasema faili zinatumika. Kwa msaada wa amri hii, tunaweza kutambua kwa urahisi faili ambazo zinatumika.
Katika mfano ulio hapa chini, itaonyesha uorodheshaji mrefu wa faili wazi ambazo baadhi yao zimetolewa kwa uelewaji bora ambao huonyesha safu kama vile Amri, PID, USER, FD, TYPE, n.k.
# lsof COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 145180 147164 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1889704 190149 /lib/libc-2.12.so init 1 root 0u CHR 1,3 0t0 3764 /dev/null init 1 root 1u CHR 1,3 0t0 3764 /dev/null init 1 root 2u CHR 1,3 0t0 3764 /dev/null init 1 root 3r FIFO 0,8 0t0 8449 pipe init 1 root 4w FIFO 0,8 0t0 8449 pipe init 1 root 5r DIR 0,10 0 1 inotify init 1 root 6r DIR 0,10 0 1 inotify init 1 root 7u unix 0xc1513880 0t0 8450 socket
Sehemu na maadili yao yanajieleza. Hata hivyo, tutakagua safu wima za FD na TYPE kwa usahihi zaidi.
FD - inasimamia kielezi cha Faili na inaweza kuona baadhi ya maadili kama:
- cwd saraka ya kazi ya sasa
- rtd saraka ya mizizi
- txt maandishi ya programu (msimbo na data)
- mem faili iliyopangwa kwa kumbukumbu
Pia katika nambari za safu ya FD kama 1u ni maelezo halisi ya faili na ikifuatiwa na u,r,w ya hali yake kama:
- r kwa ufikiaji wa kusoma.
- w kwa ufikiaji wa kuandika.
- u kwa ufikiaji wa kusoma na kuandika.
TYPE - ya faili na kitambulisho chake.
- DIR – Saraka
- REG - Faili ya Kawaida
- CHR - Faili maalum ya herufi.
- FIFO - Ya Kwanza Kwa Mara Ya Kwanza
Amri iliyo hapa chini itaonyesha orodha ya faili zote zilizofunguliwa za tecmint ya mtumiaji.
# lsof -u tecmint COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME sshd 1838 tecmint cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / sshd 1838 tecmint rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / sshd 1838 tecmint txt REG 253,0 532336 188129 /usr/sbin/sshd sshd 1838 tecmint mem REG 253,0 19784 190237 /lib/libdl-2.12.so sshd 1838 tecmint mem REG 253,0 122436 190247 /lib/libselinux.so.1 sshd 1838 tecmint mem REG 253,0 255968 190256 /lib/libgssapi_krb5.so.2.2 sshd 1838 tecmint mem REG 253,0 874580 190255 /lib/libkrb5.so.3.3
Ili kujua michakato yote ya Linux ya bandari maalum, tumia tu amri ifuatayo na chaguo -i. Mfano hapa chini utaorodhesha michakato yote inayoendesha ya bandari 22.
# lsof -i TCP:22 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME sshd 1471 root 3u IPv4 12683 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) sshd 1471 root 4u IPv6 12685 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
Katika mfano hapa chini unaonyesha faili za mtandao za IPv4 na IPv6 pekee zilizofunguliwa kwa amri tofauti.
# lsof -i 4 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME rpcbind 1203 rpc 6u IPv4 11326 0t0 UDP *:sunrpc rpcbind 1203 rpc 7u IPv4 11330 0t0 UDP *:954 rpcbind 1203 rpc 8u IPv4 11331 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) avahi-dae 1241 avahi 13u IPv4 11579 0t0 UDP *:mdns avahi-dae 1241 avahi 14u IPv4 11580 0t0 UDP *:58600 # lsof -i 6 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME rpcbind 1203 rpc 9u IPv6 11333 0t0 UDP *:sunrpc rpcbind 1203 rpc 10u IPv6 11335 0t0 UDP *:954 rpcbind 1203 rpc 11u IPv6 11336 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 10u IPv6 11858 0t0 UDP *:55800 rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 11u IPv6 11862 0t0 TCP *:56428 (LISTEN) cupsd 1346 root 6u IPv6 12112 0t0 TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN)
Kuorodhesha mchakato wote wa uendeshaji wa faili wazi za TCP Port ni kati ya 1-1024.
# lsof -i TCP:1-1024 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME rpcbind 1203 rpc 11u IPv6 11336 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) cupsd 1346 root 7u IPv4 12113 0t0 TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN) sshd 1471 root 4u IPv6 12685 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) master 1551 root 13u IPv6 12898 0t0 TCP localhost:smtp (LISTEN) sshd 1834 root 3r IPv4 15101 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:ssh->192.168.0.1:conclave-cpp (ESTABLISHED) sshd 1838 tecmint 3u IPv4 15101 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:ssh->192.168.0.1:conclave-cpp (ESTABLISHED) sshd 1871 root 3r IPv4 15842 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:ssh->192.168.0.1:groove (ESTABLISHED) httpd 1918 root 5u IPv6 15991 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 1918 root 7u IPv6 15995 0t0 TCP *:https (LISTEN)
Hapa, tumetenga mtumiaji wa mizizi. Unaweza kumtenga mtumiaji fulani kwa kutumia ‘^’ na amri kama inavyoonyeshwa hapo juu.
# lsof -i -u^root COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME rpcbind 1203 rpc 6u IPv4 11326 0t0 UDP *:sunrpc rpcbind 1203 rpc 7u IPv4 11330 0t0 UDP *:954 rpcbind 1203 rpc 8u IPv4 11331 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) rpcbind 1203 rpc 9u IPv6 11333 0t0 UDP *:sunrpc rpcbind 1203 rpc 10u IPv6 11335 0t0 UDP *:954 rpcbind 1203 rpc 11u IPv6 11336 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) avahi-dae 1241 avahi 13u IPv4 11579 0t0 UDP *:mdns avahi-dae 1241 avahi 14u IPv4 11580 0t0 UDP *:58600 rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 5r IPv4 11836 0t0 UDP *:soap-beep rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 8u IPv4 11850 0t0 UDP *:55146 rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 9u IPv4 11854 0t0 TCP *:32981 (LISTEN) rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 10u IPv6 11858 0t0 UDP *:55800 rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 11u IPv6 11862 0t0 TCP *:56428 (LISTEN)
Mfano hapa chini unaonyesha mtumiaji tecmint anatumia amri kama ping na /etc directory.
# lsof -i -u tecmint COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME bash 1839 tecmint cwd DIR 253,0 12288 15 /etc ping 2525 tecmint cwd DIR 253,0 12288 15 /etc
Amri ifuatayo iliyo na chaguo '-i' inaonyesha orodha ya miunganisho yote ya mtandao 'KUSIKILIZA NA KUSIMAMISHWA'.
# lsof -i COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME rpcbind 1203 rpc 6u IPv4 11326 0t0 UDP *:sunrpc rpcbind 1203 rpc 7u IPv4 11330 0t0 UDP *:954 rpcbind 1203 rpc 11u IPv6 11336 0t0 TCP *:sunrpc (LISTEN) avahi-dae 1241 avahi 13u IPv4 11579 0t0 UDP *:mdns avahi-dae 1241 avahi 14u IPv4 11580 0t0 UDP *:58600 rpc.statd 1277 rpcuser 11u IPv6 11862 0t0 TCP *:56428 (LISTEN) cupsd 1346 root 6u IPv6 12112 0t0 TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN) cupsd 1346 root 7u IPv4 12113 0t0 TCP localhost:ipp (LISTEN) sshd 1471 root 3u IPv4 12683 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN) master 1551 root 12u IPv4 12896 0t0 TCP localhost:smtp (LISTEN) master 1551 root 13u IPv6 12898 0t0 TCP localhost:smtp (LISTEN) sshd 1834 root 3r IPv4 15101 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:ssh->192.168.0.1:conclave-cpp (ESTABLISHED) httpd 1918 root 5u IPv6 15991 0t0 TCP *:http (LISTEN) httpd 1918 root 7u IPv6 15995 0t0 TCP *:https (LISTEN) clock-app 2362 narad 21u IPv4 22591 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:45284->www.gov.com:http (CLOSE_WAIT) chrome 2377 narad 61u IPv4 25862 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:33358->maa03s04-in-f3.1e100.net:http (ESTABLISHED) chrome 2377 narad 80u IPv4 25866 0t0 TCP 192.168.0.2:36405->bom03s01-in-f15.1e100.net:http (ESTABLISHED)
Mfano ulio hapa chini unaonyesha tu ambao PID ni 1 [Moja].
# lsof -p 1 COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 253,0 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 253,0 145180 147164 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 253,0 1889704 190149 /lib/libc-2.12.so init 1 root mem REG 253,0 142472 189970 /lib/ld-2.12.so
Wakati mwingine unaweza kulazimika kuua michakato yote kwa mtumiaji maalum. Amri iliyo hapa chini itaua michakato yote ya mtumiaji wa tecmint.
# kill -9 `lsof -t -u tecmint`
Kumbuka: Hapa, haiwezekani kutoa mifano ya chaguzi zote zinazopatikana, mwongozo huu ni wa kuonyesha tu jinsi lsof amri inaweza kutumika. Unaweza kurejelea ukurasa wa mtu wa amri ya lsof kujua zaidi juu yake. Tafadhali shiriki ikiwa unaona nakala hii ni muhimu kupitia kisanduku chetu cha maoni hapa chini.