Amri 20 za Juu kwa Watumiaji wa Linux wa Kiwango cha Kati


Huenda umepata makala ya kwanza kuwa ya manufaa sana, makala hii ni nyongeza ya Amri 20 Muhimu kwa Wapya wa Linux. Nakala ya kwanza ilikusudiwa kwa wanaoanza na nakala hii ni ya Watumiaji wa Kiwango cha Kati na Watumiaji wa Juu. Hapa utapata jinsi ya kubinafsisha utaftaji, ujue michakato inayoendesha mwongozo wa kuwaua, jinsi ya kufanya terminal yako ya Linux itoe ni kipengele muhimu na jinsi ya kukusanya c, c++, programu za java katika nix.

21. Amri: Tafuta

Tafuta faili kwenye saraka uliyopewa, kwa mpangilio kuanzia kwenye saraka kuu na kuhamia saraka ndogo.

[email :~# find -name *.sh 

./Desktop/load.sh 
./Desktop/test.sh 
./Desktop/shutdown.sh 
./Binary/firefox/run-mozilla.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/quanta/scripts/externalpreview.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/doxygen.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/cvs.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/ltmain.sh 
./Downloads/wheezy-nv-install.sh

Kumbuka: Chaguo la \\-name‘ hufanya kesi ya utafutaji kuwa nyeti. Unaweza kutumia \\-iname‘ chaguo kupata kitu bila kujali kesi. (* ni kadi-mwitu na hutafuta faili yote iliyo na kiendelezi '.sh' unaweza kutumia jina la faili au sehemu ya jina la faili kubinafsisha towe).

[email :~# find -iname *.SH ( find -iname *.Sh /  find -iname *.sH)

./Desktop/load.sh 
./Desktop/test.sh 
./Desktop/shutdown.sh 
./Binary/firefox/run-mozilla.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/quanta/scripts/externalpreview.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/doxygen.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/cvs.sh 
./Downloads/kdewebdev-3.5.8/admin/ltmain.sh 
./Downloads/wheezy-nv-install.sh
[email :~# find -name *.tar.gz 

/var/www/modules/update/tests/aaa_update_test.tar.gz 
./var/cache/flashplugin-nonfree/install_flash_player_11_linux.i386.tar.gz 
./home/server/Downloads/drupal-7.22.tar.gz 
./home/server/Downloads/smtp-7.x-1.0.tar.gz 
./home/server/Downloads/noreqnewpass-7.x-1.2.tar.gz 
./usr/share/gettext/archive.git.tar.gz 
./usr/share/doc/apg/php.tar.gz 
./usr/share/doc/festival/examples/speech_pm_1.0.tar.gz 
./usr/share/doc/argyll/examples/spyder2.tar.gz 
./usr/share/usb_modeswitch/configPack.tar.gz

Kumbuka: Amri iliyo hapo juu hutafuta faili zote zilizo na kiendelezi 'tar.gz' katika saraka ya mizizi na saraka zote ndogo pamoja na vifaa vilivyowekwa.

Soma mifano zaidi ya Linux 'pata' amri katika 35 Pata Mifano ya Amri katika Linux

22. Amri: grep

Amri ya 'grep' hutafuta faili uliyopewa kwa mistari iliyo na mechi na kamba au maneno uliyopewa. Tafuta '/etc/passwd' kwa mtumiaji wa 'tecmint'.

[email :~# grep tecmint /etc/passwd 

tecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:/home/tecmint:/bin/bash

Puuza kisanduku cha maneno na mchanganyiko mwingine wote na chaguo la '-i'.

[email :~# grep -i TECMINT /etc/passwd 

tecmint:x:1000:1000:Tecmint,,,:/home/tecmint:/bin/bash

Tafuta kwa kujirudia (-r) yaani soma faili zote chini ya kila saraka kwa kamba 127.0.0.1.

[email :~# grep -r "127.0.0.1" /etc/ 

/etc/vlc/lua/http/.hosts:127.0.0.1
/etc/speech-dispatcher/modules/ivona.conf:#IvonaServerHost "127.0.0.1"
/etc/mysql/my.cnf:bind-address		= 127.0.0.1
/etc/apache2/mods-available/status.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1
/etc/apache2/mods-available/ldap.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1
/etc/apache2/mods-available/info.conf:    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1
/etc/apache2/mods-available/proxy_balancer.conf:#    Allow from 127.0.0.1 ::1
/etc/security/access.conf:#+ : root : 127.0.0.1
/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf:#prepend domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;
/etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf:#  option domain-name-servers 127.0.0.1;
/etc/init/network-interface.conf:	ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1 up || true
/etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1).
/etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# http.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1
/etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# localhost & 127.0.0.1).
/etc/java-6-openjdk/net.properties:# ftp.nonProxyHosts=localhost|127.0.0.1
/etc/hosts:127.0.0.1	localhost

Kumbuka: Unaweza kutumia chaguzi zifuatazo pamoja na grep.

  1. -w kwa neno (egrep -w ‘word1|word2‘ /path/to/file).
  2. -c kwa hesabu (yaani, jumla ya mara ambazo muundo ulilingana) (grep -c ‘word‘ /path/to/file).
  3. –rangi ya pato la rangi (seva ya grep -color /etc/passwd).

23. Amri: mtu

'Mtu' ni paja ya mwongozo ya mfumo. Man hutoa nyaraka za mtandaoni kwa chaguo zote zinazowezekana na amri na matumizi yake. Takriban amri zote zinakuja na kurasa zao za mwongozo zinazolingana. Kwa mfano,

[email :~# man man

MAN(1)                                                               Manual pager utils                                                              MAN(1)

NAME
       man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals

SYNOPSIS
       man  [-C  file]  [-d]  [-D]  [--warnings[=warnings]]  [-R  encoding]  [-L  locale]  [-m  system[,...]]  [-M  path]  [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I]
       [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification]  [-p
       string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page ...] ...
       man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
       man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
       man -f [whatis options] page ...
       man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]]
       [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
       man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
       man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
       man [-hV]

Ukurasa wa mwongozo wa ukurasa wa mtu wenyewe, vile vile 'man cat' (Ukurasa wa mwongozo kwa amri ls).

Kumbuka: ukurasa wa mtu umekusudiwa kwa kumbukumbu ya amri na kujifunza.

24. Amri: uk

ps (Mchakato) inatoa hali ya kuendesha michakato na Kitambulisho cha kipekee kinachoitwa PID.

[email :~# ps

 PID TTY          TIME CMD
 4170 pts/1    00:00:00 bash
 9628 pts/1    00:00:00 ps

Kuorodhesha hali ya michakato yote pamoja na kitambulisho cha mchakato na PID, tumia chaguo '-A'.

[email :~# ps -A

 PID TTY          TIME CMD
    1 ?        00:00:01 init
    2 ?        00:00:00 kthreadd
    3 ?        00:00:01 ksoftirqd/0
    5 ?        00:00:00 kworker/0:0H
    7 ?        00:00:00 kworker/u:0H
    8 ?        00:00:00 migration/0
    9 ?        00:00:00 rcu_bh
....

Kumbuka: Amri hii ni muhimu sana unapotaka kujua ni michakato gani inayoendesha au inaweza kuhitaji PID wakati mwingine, kwa mchakato kuuawa. Unaweza kuitumia kwa amri ya 'grep' kupata pato lililobinafsishwa. Kwa mfano,

[email :~# ps -A | grep -i ssh

 1500 ?        00:09:58 sshd
 4317 ?        00:00:00 sshd

Hapa 'ps' imefungwa kwa amri ya 'grep' ili kupata matokeo yaliyobinafsishwa na muhimu ya hitaji letu.

25. Amri: kuua

Sawa, unaweza kuwa umeelewa amri hii ni ya nini, kutoka kwa jina la amri. Amri hii inatumika kuua mchakato ambao haufai sasa au haujibu. Ni amri muhimu sana, badala ya amri muhimu sana. Unaweza kuwa unafahamu kuwasha upya kwa madirisha mara kwa mara kwa sababu ya ukweli kwamba wakati mwingi mchakato unaoendesha hauwezi kuuawa, na ikiuawa inahitaji madirisha kuanza upya ili mabadiliko yaweze kutekelezwa lakini katika ulimwengu wa Linux. hakuna vitu hivyo. Hapa unaweza kuua mchakato na kuanza bila kuanzisha upya mfumo mzima.

Unahitaji pid ya mchakato (ps) kuiua.

Hebu tuseme unataka kuua programu 'apache2' ambayo inaweza kuwa haijibu. Endesha 'ps -A' pamoja na amri ya grep.

[email :~# ps -A | grep -i apache2

1285 ?        00:00:00 apache2

Tafuta mchakato 'apache2', kumbuka pid yake na uiue. Kwa mfano, katika kesi yangu 'apache2' pid ni '1285'.

[email :~# kill 1285 (to kill the process apache2)

Kumbuka: Kila wakati unapoendesha tena mchakato au kuanzisha mfumo, pid mpya inatolewa kwa kila mchakato na unaweza kujua kuhusu michakato ya sasa inayoendesha na pid yake kwa kutumia amri 'ps'.

Njia nyingine ya kuua mchakato huo ni.

[email :~# pkill apache2

Kumbuka: Kill inahitaji kitambulisho cha kazi/kitambulisho cha mchakato wa kutuma ishara, ambapo kama katika pkill, una chaguo la kutumia muundo, kubainisha mmiliki wa mchakato, nk.

26. Amri: wapi

Amri ya 'whereis' inatumika kupata Nambari, Vyanzo na Kurasa za Mwongozo za amri. Kwa mfano, kupata Nambari, Vyanzo na Kurasa za Mwongozo za amri 'ls' na 'kuua'.

[email :~# whereis ls 

ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz
[email :~# whereis kill

kill: /bin/kill /usr/share/man/man2/kill.2.gz /usr/share/man/man1/kill.1.gz

Kumbuka: Hii ni muhimu kujua ambapo jozi zimesakinishwa kwa uhariri wa mwongozo wakati mwingine.

27. Amri: huduma

Amri ya 'huduma' inadhibiti Kuanza, Kusimamisha au Kuanzisha upya 'huduma'. Amri hii inafanya uwezekano wa kuanza, kuanzisha upya au kuacha huduma bila kuanzisha upya mfumo, ili mabadiliko yaanze kutumika.

[email :~# service apache2 start

 * Starting web server apache2                                                                                                                                 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
httpd (pid 1285) already running						[ OK ]
[email :~# service apache2 restart

* Restarting web server apache2                                                                                                                               apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
 ... waiting .apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName  [ OK ]
[email :~# service apache2 stop

 * Stopping web server apache2                                                                                                                                 apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
 ... waiting                                                           		[ OK ]

Kumbuka: Hati zote za mchakato ziko katika '/etc/init.d', na njia inaweza kuhitaji kujumuishwa kwenye mfumo fulani, yaani, licha ya kuendesha \service apache2 start utaombwa kuendesha \/ nk/init.d/apache2 anza”.

28. Amri: pak

alias ni amri iliyojengwa ndani ya ganda ambayo hukuruhusu kupeana jina kwa amri ndefu au amri inayotumiwa mara kwa mara.

Mimi hutumia amri ya 'ls -l' mara kwa mara, ambayo inajumuisha herufi 5 pamoja na nafasi. Kwa hivyo niliunda lakabu kwa hili kwa 'l'.

[email :~# alias l='ls -l'

angalia ikiwa inafanya kazi au la.

[email :~# l

total 36 
drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 10 11:14 Binary 
drwxr-xr-x 3 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 11:21 Desktop 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 21 15:23 Documents 
drwxr-xr-x 8 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 14:56 Downloads 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Music 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May 20 16:17 Pictures 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Public 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Templates 
drwxr-xr-x 2 tecmint tecmint 4096 May  7 16:58 Videos

Kuondoa lakabu 'l', tumia amri ifuatayo ya 'unalias'.

[email :~# unalias l

angalia, ikiwa 'l' bado ni lakabu au la.

[email :~# l

bash: l: command not found

Kufanya furaha kidogo kutoka kwa amri hii. Tengeneza lakabu ya amri fulani muhimu kwa amri nyingine muhimu.

alias cd='ls -l' (set alias of ls -l to cd)
alias su='pwd' (set alias of pwd to su)
....
(You can create your own)
....

Sasa rafiki yako anapoandika 'cd', fikiria tu jinsi itakavyokuwa ya kuchekesha anapopata orodha ya saraka na sio kubadilisha saraka. Na anapojaribu kuwa 'su' anachopata tu ni eneo la saraka ya kufanya kazi. Unaweza kuondoa lakabu baadaye kwa kutumia amri 'unalias' kama ilivyoelezewa hapo juu.

29. Amri: df

Ripoti matumizi ya diski ya mfumo wa faili. Muhimu kwa mtumiaji na vile vile Msimamizi wa Mfumo kufuatilia matumizi ya diski zao. 'df' hufanya kazi kwa kuchunguza maingizo ya saraka, ambayo kwa ujumla husasishwa tu wakati faili imefungwa.

[email :~# df

Filesystem     1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1       47929224 7811908  37675948  18% /
none                   4       0         4   0% /sys/fs/cgroup
udev             1005916       4   1005912   1% /dev
tmpfs             202824     816    202008   1% /run
none                5120       0      5120   0% /run/lock
none             1014120     628   1013492   1% /run/shm
none              102400      44    102356   1% /run/user
/dev/sda5         184307   79852     94727  46% /boot
/dev/sda7       95989516   61104  91045676   1% /data
/dev/sda8       91953192   57032  87218528   1% /personal

Kwa mifano zaidi ya amri ya 'df', soma kifungu cha 12 df Amri Mifano katika Linux.

30. Amri: du

Kadiria utumiaji wa nafasi ya faili. Toa muhtasari wa matumizi ya diski kwa kuwahi faili kwa mpangilio, yaani, kwa njia ya kujirudia.

[email :~# du

8       ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images/default_gradient
8       ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images/default
32      ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/images
8       ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls/langs
8       ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls/img
28      ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins/polls
32      ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce/plugins
36      ./Daily Pics/wp-polls/tinymce
580     ./Daily Pics/wp-polls
1456    ./Daily Pics
36      ./Plugins/wordpress-author-box
16180   ./Plugins
12      ./May Articles 2013/Xtreme Download Manager
4632    ./May Articles 2013/XCache

Kumbuka: 'df' inaripoti tu takwimu za matumizi kwenye mifumo ya faili, wakati 'du', kwa upande mwingine, hupima yaliyomo kwenye saraka. Kwa mifano zaidi ya amri ya 'du' na matumizi, soma Amri 10 za (Matumizi ya Diski).

31. Amri: rm

Amri 'rm' inasimama kwa kuondoa. rm hutumika kuondoa faili (s) na saraka.

[email :~# rm PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0

rm: cannot remove `PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0': Is a directory

Saraka haiwezi kuondolewa tu kwa amri ya 'rm', lazima utumie kubadili '-rf' pamoja na 'rm'.

[email :~# rm -rf PassportApplicationForm_Main_English_V1.0

Onyo: \rm -rf amri ni amri ya uharibifu ikiwa kwa bahati mbaya utaiweka kwenye saraka isiyo sahihi.Pindi 'rm -rf' saraka faili zote na saraka yenyewe itapotea milele, kwa ghafla. Itumie. kwa tahadhari.

32. Amri: mwangwi

echo kama jina linavyopendekeza inafanana na maandishi kwenye pato la kawaida. Haina uhusiano wowote na ganda, na ganda halisomi matokeo ya amri ya echo. Walakini katika hati inayoingiliana, echo hupitisha ujumbe kwa mtumiaji kupitia terminal. Ni mojawapo ya amri ambayo hutumiwa sana katika uandishi, uandishi shirikishi.

[email :~# echo "linux-console.net is a very good website" 

linux-console.net is a very good website

1. unda faili, inayoitwa ‘interactive_shell.sh’ kwenye eneo-kazi. (Kumbuka ‘.sh’ kiendelezi ni lazima).
2. nakili na ubandike hati iliyo hapa chini, sawa kabisa, kama ilivyo hapo chini.

#!/bin/bash 
echo "Please enter your name:" 
   read name 
   echo "Welcome to Linux $name"

Ifuatayo, weka ruhusa ya kutekeleza na uendesha hati.

[email :~# chmod 777 interactive_shell.sh
[email :~# ./interactive_shell.sh

Please enter your name:
Ravi Saive
Welcome to Linux Ravi Saive

Kumbuka: '#!/bin/bash' huambia ganda kuwa ni hati na daima ni wazo nzuri kuijumuisha juu ya hati. 'soma' inasoma ingizo ulilopewa.

33. Amri: passwd

Hii ni amri muhimu ambayo ni muhimu kwa kubadilisha nenosiri lako kwenye terminal. Ni wazi unahitaji kujua nenosiri lako la sasa kwa sababu ya Usalama.

[email :~# passwd 

Changing password for tecmint. 
(current) UNIX password: ******** 
Enter new UNIX password: ********
Retype new UNIX password: ********
Password unchanged   [Here was passowrd remians unchanged, i.e., new password=old password]
Enter new UNIX password: #####
Retype new UNIX password:#####

34. Amri: lpr

Amri hii ya kuchapisha faili zilizopewa jina kwenye mstari wa amri, kwa kichapishi kilichopewa jina.

[email :~# lpr -P deskjet-4620-series 1-final.pdf

Kumbuka: Amri ya ‘lpq’ hukuruhusu kuona hali ya kichapishi (iwe kiko juu au la), na kazi (faili) zinazosubiri kuchapishwa.

35. Amri: cmp

linganisha faili mbili za aina yoyote na uandike matokeo kwa pato la kawaida. Kwa chaguo-msingi, 'cmp' Hurejesha 0 ikiwa faili ni sawa; ikiwa zinatofautiana, nambari ya byte na mstari ambayo tofauti ya kwanza ilitokea inaripotiwa.

Ili kutoa mifano ya amri hii, hebu tuzingatie faili mbili:

[email :~# cat file1.txt

Hi My name is Tecmint
[email :~# cat file2.txt

Hi My name is tecmint [dot] com

Sasa, hebu tulinganishe faili mbili na tuone matokeo ya amri.

[email :~# cmp file1.txt file2.txt 

file1.txt file2.txt differ: byte 15, line 1

36. Amri: wget

Wget ni matumizi ya bure kwa yasiyo ya mwingiliano (yaani, inaweza kufanya kazi chinichini) kupakua faili kutoka kwa Wavuti. Inaauni itifaki za HTTP, HTTPS, FTP na proksi za HTTP.

[email :~# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2

--2013-05-22 18:54:52--  http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2
Resolving downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)... 216.34.181.59
Connecting to downloads.sourceforge.net (downloads.sourceforge.net)|216.34.181.59|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2 [following]
--2013-05-22 18:54:54--  http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php/0.6.0/ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2
Resolving kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)... 92.46.53.163
Connecting to kaz.dl.sourceforge.net (kaz.dl.sourceforge.net)|92.46.53.163|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 275557 (269K) [application/octet-stream]
Saving to: ‘ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2’

100%[===========================================================================>] 2,75,557    67.8KB/s   in 4.0s   

2013-05-22 18:55:00 (67.8 KB/s) - ‘ffmpeg-php-0.6.0.tbz2’ saved [275557/275557]

37. Amri: mlima

Mount ni amri muhimu ambayo hutumika kuweka mfumo wa faili ambao haujipachiki wenyewe. Unahitaji ruhusa ya mizizi ili kupachika kifaa.

Kwanza endesha ‘lsblk’ baada ya kuchomeka kwenye mfumo wako wa faili na utambue kifaa chako na utambue jina ulilopewa la kifaa.

[email :~# lsblk 

NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT 
sda      8:0    0 931.5G  0 disk 
├─sda1   8:1    0 923.6G  0 part / 
├─sda2   8:2    0     1K  0 part 
└─sda5   8:5    0   7.9G  0 part [SWAP] 
sr0     11:0    1  1024M  0 rom  
sdb      8:16   1   3.7G  0 disk 
└─sdb1   8:17   1   3.7G  0 part

Kutoka kwa skrini hii ilikuwa wazi kuwa nilichomeka pendrive ya GB 4 kwa hivyo 'sdb1' ndio mfumo wangu wa faili wa kuwekwa. Kuwa mzizi wa kufanya operesheni hii na ubadilishe kuwa saraka ya /dev ambapo mfumo wote wa faili umewekwa.

[email :~# su
Password:
[email :~# cd /dev

Unda saraka inayoitwa chochote lakini inapaswa kuwa muhimu kwa marejeleo.

[email :~# mkdir usb

Sasa weka mfumo wa faili 'sdb1' kwenye saraka 'usb'.

[email :~# mount /dev/sdb1 /dev/usb

Sasa unaweza kwenda kwa /dev/usb kutoka kwa mfumo wa terminal au X-windows na faili ya acess kutoka kwa saraka iliyowekwa.

38. Amri: gcc

gcc ndiye mkusanyaji aliyejengwa ndani wa lugha ya 'c' katika Mazingira ya Linux. Programu rahisi ya c, ihifadhi kwenye eneo-kazi lako kama Hello.c (kumbuka '.c' kiendelezi ni lazima).

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
  printf("Hello world\n");
  return 0;
}
[email :~# gcc Hello.c
[email :~# ./a.out 

Hello world

Kumbuka: Wakati wa kuandaa programu ya c matokeo yanatolewa kiotomatiki kwa faili mpya \a.out na kila wakati unapokusanya programu ya c faili sawa \a.out hurekebishwa. Kwa hivyo ni ushauri mzuri kufafanua faili ya pato wakati wa kukusanya na kwa hivyo hakuna hatari ya kubatilisha faili ya pato.

[email :~# gcc -o Hello Hello.c

Hapa '-o' hutuma pato kwa faili ya 'Hujambo' na sio 'a.out'. Ikimbie tena.

[email :~# ./Hello 

Hello world

39. Amri: g++

g++ ni kikusanyaji kilichojengwa ndani cha 'C++' , lugha ya kwanza ya programu inayolenga kitu. Programu rahisi ya c++, ihifadhi kwenye eneo-kazi lako kama Add.cpp (kumbuka '.cpp' kiendelezi ni lazima).

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() 
    {
          int a;
          int b;
          cout<<"Enter first number:\n";
          cin >> a;
          cout <<"Enter the second number:\n";
          cin>> b;
          cin.ignore();
          int result = a + b;
          cout<<"Result is"<<"  "<<result<<endl;
          cin.get();
          return 0;
     }
[email :~# g++ Add.cpp
[email :~# ./a.out

Enter first number: 
...
...

Kumbuka: Wakati wa kuandaa programu ya c++ matokeo yanatolewa kiotomatiki kwa faili mpya \a.out na kila wakati unapokusanya programu ya c++ faili sawa \a.out hurekebishwa. Kwa hivyo ni ushauri mzuri kufafanua faili ya pato wakati wa kukusanya na kwa hivyo hakuna hatari ya kubatilisha faili ya pato.

[email :~# g++ -o Add Add.cpp
[email :~# ./Add 

Enter first number: 
...
...

40. Amri: java

Java ni mojawapo ya lugha inayotumiwa sana duniani ya upangaji programu na inachukuliwa kuwa ya haraka, salama na ya kutegemewa. Huduma nyingi za wavuti za siku hizi zinatumia java.

Unda programu rahisi ya java kwa kubandika jaribio lililo hapa chini kwenye faili, inayoitwa tecmint.java (kumbuka ‘.java‘ kiendelezi ni lazima).

class tecmint {
  public static void main(String[] arguments) {
    System.out.println("Tecmint ");
  }
}
[email :~# javac tecmint.java
[email :~# java tecmint

Kumbuka: Takriban kila usambazaji huja na mkusanyaji wa gcc, idadi kubwa ya distros wamejenga g++ na mkusanyaji wa java, ilhali wengine huenda hawana. Unaweza apt au yum kifurushi kinachohitajika.

Usisahau kutaja maoni yako yenye thamani na aina ya makala unayotaka kuona hapa. Hivi karibuni nitarudi na mada ya kupendeza kuhusu ukweli mdogo unaojulikana kuhusu Linux.