Amri 20 za Juu kwa Wataalam wa Linux
Asante kwa likes zote, maneno mazuri na msaada uliotupa katika sehemu mbili za kwanza za makala hii. Katika makala ya kwanza tulijadili amri kwa watumiaji hao ambao wamebadilisha Linux na walihitaji ujuzi muhimu kuanza nao.
- Amri 20 Muhimu kwa Wanaoanza Mpya wa Linux
Katika makala ya pili tulijadili amri ambazo mtumiaji wa kiwango cha kati anahitaji kusimamia mfumo wake mwenyewe.
- Amri 20 za Juu kwa Watumiaji wa Linux wa Kiwango cha Kati
Nini Kinafuata? Katika makala hii nitakuwa nikielezea amri zinazohitajika kwa ajili ya kusimamia Seva ya Linux.
41. Amri: ifconfig
ifconfig inatumika kusanidi miingiliano ya mtandao wa mkazi wa kernel. Inatumika wakati wa kuwasha ili kusanidi miingiliano inapohitajika. Baada ya hayo, kawaida inahitajika tu wakati wa kurekebisha au wakati urekebishaji wa mfumo unahitajika.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)Onyesha maelezo ya violesura vyote ikijumuisha violesura vilivyozimwa kwa kutumia hoja ya -a.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig -a
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E
inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB) TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB)
Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)
virbr0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03
inet addr:192.168.122.1 Bcast:192.168.122.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
UP BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:0 (0.0 B) TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up
Weka 192.168.1.12 kama anwani ya IP ya kiolesura cha eth0.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
Kumbuka: Ikiwa unatumia mtandao wa wireless unahitaji kutumia amri iwconfig. Kwa mifano zaidi ya amri ya ifconfig na matumizi, soma Amri 15 Muhimu \ifconfig.
42. Amri: netstat
amri ya netstat huonyesha taarifa mbalimbali zinazohusiana na mtandao kama vile miunganisho ya mtandao, jedwali za kuelekeza, takwimu za kiolesura, miunganisho ya kinyago, uanachama wa upeperushaji anuwai n.k.,
[[email ~]$ netstat -a Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741379 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 8965 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 18584 /tmp/.X11-unix/X0 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741385 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 741387 /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 20242 @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13332 /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13331 /tmp/.winbindd/pipe unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 11030 /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19308 /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 436781 /tmp/HotShots unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 46110 /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 19310 /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent ....
[[email ~]$ netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 localhost:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5901 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5902 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-1 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:x11-2 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:5938 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:5940 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED ...
[[email ~]$ netstat -s
Ip:
4994239 total packets received
0 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
4165741 incoming packets delivered
3248924 requests sent out
8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
29460 ICMP messages received
566 input ICMP message failed.
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 98
redirects: 29362
2918 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 98
InType5: 29362
OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
94533 active connections openings
23 passive connection openings
5870 failed connection attempts
7194 connection resets received
....SAWA! Kwa sababu fulani ikiwa hutaki kusuluhisha mwenyeji, bandari na jina la mtumiaji kama matokeo ya netstat.
[[email ~]$ netstat -an
Sawa, unaweza kuhitaji kupata matokeo ya netstat mfululizo hadi maagizo ya kukatiza yapitishwe (ctrl+c).
[[email ~]$ netstat -c
Kwa mifano zaidi ya amri ya netstat na utumiaji, angalia kifungu cha 20 Amri ya Netstat Mifano.
43. Amri: nslookup
Programu ya matumizi ya mtandao inayotumiwa kupata habari kuhusu seva za Mtandao. Kama jina lake linavyopendekeza, shirika hupata maelezo ya seva ya jina kwa vikoa kwa kuuliza DNS.
[[email ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. linux-console.net mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. linux-console.net nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3404.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns3403.com. linux-console.net nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net Server: 192.168.1.1 Address: 192.168.1.1#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net origin = ns3403.hostgator.com mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com serial = 2012081102 refresh = 86400 retry = 7200 expire = 3600000 minimum = 86400 Authoritative answers can be found from:
Badilisha nambari ya mlango ukitumia unayotaka kuunganisha
[[email ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net Server: linux-console.net Address: 50.16.76.239#53 Name: 56 Address: 14.13.253.12
44. Amri: chimba
dig ni zana ya kuuliza seva za majina za DNS kwa habari kuhusu anwani za mwenyeji, ubadilishanaji wa barua, seva za majina na habari zinazohusiana. Chombo hiki kinaweza kutumika kutoka kwa mfumo wowote wa uendeshaji wa Linux (Unix) au Macintosh OS X. Matumizi ya kawaida ya kuchimba ni kuuliza tu mwenyeji mmoja.
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments ;; global options: +cmd ;linux-console.net. IN A linux-console.net. 14400 IN A 40.216.66.239 ;; Query time: 418 msec ;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) ;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 45
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noadditional ; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
[[email ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall ; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall ;; global options: +cmd
45. Amri: uptime
Umeunganisha kwenye Mashine yako ya Seva ya Linux na kupata Kitu kisicho cha kawaida au hasidi, utafanya nini? Kubahatisha…. HAPANA, hakika haungeweza kuendesha muda ili kuthibitisha kile kilichotokea wakati seva haikutunzwa.
[[email ~]$ uptime 14:37:10 up 4:21, 2 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04
46. Amri: ukuta
moja ya amri muhimu zaidi kwa msimamizi, wall hutuma ujumbe kwa kila mtu aliyeingia na kibali chao cha mesg kimewekwa kuwa ndiyo. Ujumbe unaweza kutolewa kama hoja kwa ukuta, au unaweza kutumwa kwa ingizo la kawaida la ukuta.
[[email ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm" Broadcast message from [email (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm
47. amri: mesg
Inakuwezesha kudhibiti ikiwa watu wanaweza kutumia amri ya \andika, kukutumia maandishi kupitia skrini.
mesg [n|y] n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen. y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.
48. Amri: andika
Ruhusu utume maandishi moja kwa moja kwenye skrini ya mashine nyingine ya Linux ikiwa 'mesg' ni 'y'.
[[email ~]$ write ravisaive
49. Amri: zungumza
Uboreshaji wa kuandika amri, amri ya mazungumzo inakuwezesha kuzungumza na watumiaji walioingia.
[[email ~]$ talk ravisaive
Kumbuka: Ikiwa amri ya mazungumzo haijasakinishwa, unaweza kurekebisha au kuweka vifurushi vinavyohitajika kila wakati.
[[email ~]$ yum install talk OR [[email ~]$ apt-get install talk
50. Amri: w
ni amri gani ‘w’ inaonekana unachekesha? Lakini kwa kweli sivyo. t ni amri, hata ikiwa ni herufi moja tu! Amri w ni mchanganyiko wa muda na ambaye anaamuru kutolewa mara moja baada ya nyingine, kwa utaratibu huo.
[[email ~]$ w 15:05:42 up 4:49, 3 users, load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 USER TTY FROM [email IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT server tty7 :0 14:06 4:43m 1:42 0.08s pam: gdm-passwo server pts/0 :0.0 14:18 0.00s 0.23s 1.65s gnome-terminal server pts/1 :0.0 14:47 4:43 0.01s 0.01s bash
51. Amri: badilisha jina
Kama jina linapendekeza, amri hii ibadilishe faili. rename itabadilisha jina la faili zilizoainishwa kwa kuchukua nafasi ya tukio la kwanza kutoka kwa jina la faili.
Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213
Andika tu amri.
rename a1 a0 a? rename a1 a0 a??
52. Amri: juu
Inaonyesha michakato ya CPU. Amri hii huonyesha upya kiotomatiki, kwa chaguo-msingi na inaendelea kuonyesha michakato ya CPU isipokuwa maagizo ya kukatiza yametolewa.
[[email ~]$ top
top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total, 1 running, 235 sleeping, 0 stopped, 4 zombie
%Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 0.5 sy, 0.0 ni, 97.5 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st
KiB Mem: 2028240 total, 1777848 used, 250392 free, 81804 buffers
KiB Swap: 3905532 total, 156748 used, 3748784 free, 381456 cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
23768 ravisaiv 20 0 1428m 571m 41m S 2.3 28.9 14:27.52 firefox
24182 ravisaiv 20 0 511m 132m 25m S 1.7 6.7 2:45.94 plugin-containe
26929 ravisaiv 20 0 5344 1432 972 R 0.7 0.1 0:00.07 top
24875 ravisaiv 20 0 263m 14m 10m S 0.3 0.7 0:02.76 lxterminal
1 root 20 0 3896 1928 1228 S 0.0 0.1 0:01.62 init
2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.06 kthreadd
3 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0
5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H
7 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/u:0H
8 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/0
9 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_bh
10 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:26.94 rcu_sched
11 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:01.95 watchdog/0
12 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:02.00 watchdog/1
13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1
14 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.12 migration/1
16 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/1:0H
17 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuset
18 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper
19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kdevtmpfs
20 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns
21 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 bdi-default
22 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kintegrityd
23 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kblockd
24 root 0 -20 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ata_sffSoma Pia : Mifano 12 ya Maagizo ya Juu
53. Amri: mkfs.ext4
Amri hii huunda mfumo mpya wa faili wa ext4 kwenye kifaa maalum, ikiwa kifaa kibaya kinafuatwa baada ya amri hii, kizuizi kizima kitafutwa na kupangiliwa, kwa hivyo inashauriwa kutoendesha amri hii isipokuwa na hadi uelewe kile unachofanya.
Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted) mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)
Soma Zaidi: Ext4 ni nini na Jinsi ya Kuunda na Kubadilisha
54. Amri: vi/emacs/nano
vi (ya kuona), emacs, nano ni baadhi ya wahariri wanaotumiwa sana katika Linux. Hutumika mara nyingi kuhariri maandishi, usanidi,... faili. Mwongozo wa haraka wa kufanya kazi karibu na vi na nano ni, emacs ni.
[[email ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) [[email ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)
[bonyeza 'i' ili kuingiza modi ya kuingiza, au hutaweza kuandika chochote]
echo "Hello" (your text here for the file)
- alt+x (toka kwenye modi ya kuingiza, kumbuka kuweka nafasi kati ya herufi ya mwisho.
- ctrl+x amri au neno lako la mwisho litafutwa).
- :wq! (huhifadhi faili, pamoja na maandishi ya sasa, kumbuka ‘!’ ni kubatilisha).
[[email ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required
ctrl +x (kufunga kihariri). Itaonyesha pato kama:
Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ? Y Yes N No ^C Cancel
Bofya 'y' ili ndiyo na uweke jina la faili, na umemaliza.
55. Amri: rsync
Rsync hunakili faili na ina swichi ya -P ya upau wa maendeleo. Kwa hivyo ikiwa umeweka rsync, unaweza kutumia lakabu rahisi.
alias cp='rsync -aP'
Sasa jaribu kunakili faili kubwa kwenye terminal na uone matokeo na vipengee vilivyosalia, sawa na upau wa maendeleo.
Zaidi ya hayo, Kuweka na Kudumisha chelezo ni mojawapo ya kazi muhimu na ya kuchosha ambayo msimamizi wa mfumo anahitaji kuifanya. Rsync ni zana nzuri sana (kuna, zingine kadhaa) kuunda na kudumisha nakala rudufu, kwenye terminal.
[[email ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ sending incremental file list IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg sent 2883830 bytes received 31 bytes 5767722.00 bytes/sec total size is 2882771 speedup is 1.00
Kumbuka: -z kwa mbano, -v kwa kitenzi na -r kwa kujirudi.
56. Amri: bure
Kufuatilia kumbukumbu na rasilimali ni muhimu sana, kama kazi nyingine yoyote inayofanywa na msimamizi, na amri ya 'bure' huja kuokoa hapa.
[[email ~]$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1788272 239968 0 69468 363716
-/+ buffers/cache: 1355088 673152
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456[[email ~]$ free -b
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2076917760 1838272512 238645248 0 71348224 372670464
-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824 682663936
Swap: 3999264768 160845824 3838418944[[email ~]$ free -k
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1801484 226756 0 69948 363704
-/+ buffers/cache: 1367832 660408
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456[[email ~]$ free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1980 1762 218 0 68 355
-/+ buffers/cache: 1338 641
Swap: 3813 153 3660[[email ~]$ free -g
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1 1 0 0 0 0
-/+ buffers/cache: 1 0
Swap: 3 0 3[[email ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1.9G 1.7G 208M 0B 68M 355M
-/+ buffers/cache: 1.3G 632M
Swap: 3.7G 153M 3.6G[[email ~]$ free -s 3
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1824096 204144 0 70708 364180
-/+ buffers/cache: 1389208 639032
Swap: 3905532 157076 3748456
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 2028240 1824192 204048 0 70716 364212
-/+ buffers/cache: 1389264 638976
Swap: 3905532 157076 374845657. Amri: mysqldump
Sawa hadi sasa ungekuwa umeelewa amri hii inasimamia nini haswa, kutoka kwa jina la amri hii.mysqldump inaamuru utupaji (chelezo) zote au data fulani ya hifadhidata kuwa faili fulani.Kwa mfano,
[[email ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql
Kumbuka: mysqldump inahitaji mysql kuwa inaendesha na nenosiri sahihi kwa uidhinishaji. Tumefunika amri zingine muhimu za mysqldump kwenye Hifadhidata ya Hifadhidata na Amri ya mysqldump.
58. Amri: mkpasswd
Tengeneza neno la siri lisilo na mpangilio la urefu kama ilivyobainishwa.
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10 zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk
Kumbuka: -l 10 hutoa nenosiri la nasibu la herufi 10 huku -l 20 likitoa nenosiri la herufi 20, linaweza kuwekwa kwa chochote ili kupata matokeo unayotaka. Amri hii ni muhimu sana na inatekelezwa katika lugha ya uandishi mara nyingi ili kutoa manenosiri nasibu. Unaweza kuhitaji yum au kupata kifurushi cha 'kutarajia' kutumia amri hii.
yum install expect OR apt-get install expect
59. Amri: bandika
Unganisha faili mbili au zaidi za maandishi kwenye mistari ukitumia. Mfano. Ikiwa yaliyomo kwenye faili1 ilikuwa:
1 2 3 and file2 was: a b c d the resulting file3 would be: 1 a 2 b 3 c d
60. Amri: lsof
lsof inawakilisha \orodhesha faili zilizo wazi na inaonyesha faili zote ambazo mfumo wako umefungua kwa sasa. Ni muhimu sana kufahamu ni michakato gani inayotumia faili fulani, au kuonyesha faili zote kwa mchakato mmoja. Amri zingine muhimu 10 za lsof. mifano, unaweza kuwa na hamu ya kusoma.
[[email ~]$ lsof COMMAND PID TID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME init 1 root cwd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root rtd DIR 8,1 4096 2 / init 1 root txt REG 8,1 227432 395571 /sbin/init init 1 root mem REG 8,1 47080 263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 42672 270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 87940 270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30560 263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 124637 270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 1770984 266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 30696 262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34392 262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 296792 262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 34168 262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 95616 262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0 init 1 root mem REG 8,1 134376 270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so init 1 root 0u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 1u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 2u CHR 1,3 0t0 1035 /dev/null init 1 root 3r FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 4w FIFO 0,8 0t0 1714 pipe init 1 root 5r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 6r 0000 0,9 0 6245 anon_inode init 1 root 7u unix 0xf5e91f80 0t0 8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart init 1 root 8w REG 8,1 3916 394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)
Huu sio mwisho, Msimamizi wa Mfumo hufanya mambo mengi, ili kukupa kiolesura kizuri, ambacho unafanyia kazi. Utawala wa Mfumo kwa kweli ni sanaa ya kujifunza na kutekeleza kwa njia kamilifu sana. Tutajaribu kukuletea vitu vingine vyote muhimu ambavyo mtaalamu wa linux lazima ajifunze, linux katika msingi wake yenyewe, ni mchakato wa kujifunza na kujifunza. Maneno yako mazuri yanatafutwa kila wakati, ambayo hutuhimiza kuweka bidii zaidi ili kukupa makala yenye ujuzi. \Like na ushiriki Sisi, ili Tusaidie Kueneza.