Unda Anwani Nyingi za IP kwa Kiolesura Kimoja cha Mtandao
Wazo la kuunda au kusanidi anwani nyingi za IP kwenye kiolesura kimoja cha mtandao inaitwa IP aliasing. Kuweka lakabu kwa IP ni muhimu sana kwa kusanidi tovuti nyingi pepe kwenye Apache kwa kutumia kiolesura kimoja cha mtandao kilicho na anwani tofauti za IP kwenye mtandao mdogo wa mtandao.
Faida kuu ya kutumia jina la utani hili la IP ni kwamba, huhitaji kuwa na adapta halisi iliyoambatishwa kwa kila IP, lakini badala yake unaweza kuunda violesura vingi au vingi pepe (lakabu) kwa kadi moja halisi.
Maagizo yaliyotolewa hapa yanatumika kwa usambazaji wote kuu wa Linux kama Red Hat, Fedora, na CentOS. Kuunda miingiliano mingi na kuipa anwani ya IP kwa mikono ni kazi ngumu. Hapa tutaona jinsi tunavyoweza kuipa anwani ya IP kwa kufafanua seti ya anuwai ya IP. Pia elewa jinsi tutakavyounda kiolesura cha mtandaoni na kugawa anuwai tofauti ya Anwani ya IP kwenye kiolesura mara moja. Katika nakala hii tulitumia LAN IP's, kwa hivyo badilisha zile na utakazotumia.
Kuunda Kiolesura Pekee na Kupeana Anwani Nyingi za IP
Hapa nina kiolesura kinachoitwa ifcfg-eth0, kiolesura chaguo-msingi cha kifaa cha Ethernet. Ikiwa umeambatisha kifaa cha pili cha Ethaneti, basi kungekuwa na kifaa cha ifcfg-eth1 na kadhalika kwa kila kifaa ambacho umeambatisha. Faili hizi za mtandao wa kifaa ziko katika saraka ya /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/. Nenda kwenye saraka na ufanye ls -l ili kuorodhesha vifaa vyote.
# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ # ls -l
ifcfg-eth0 ifdown-isdn ifup-aliases ifup-plusb init.ipv6-global ifcfg-lo ifdown-post ifup-bnep ifup-post net.hotplug ifdown ifdown-ppp ifup-eth ifup-ppp network-functions ifdown-bnep ifdown-routes ifup-ippp ifup-routes network-functions-ipv6 ifdown-eth ifdown-sit ifup-ipv6 ifup-sit ifdown-ippp ifdown-tunnel ifup-isdn ifup-tunnel ifdown-ipv6 ifup ifup-plip ifup-wireless
Hebu tuchukulie kuwa tunataka kuunda violesura vitatu vya ziada ili kuunganisha anwani tatu za IP (172.16.16.126, 172.16.16.127, na 172.16.16.128) kwa NIC. Kwa hivyo, tunahitaji kuunda faili tatu za ziada za alias, wakati ifcfg-eth0 huhifadhi anwani ya msingi ya IP. Hivi ndivyo tunavyosonga mbele kusanidi lakabu tatu ili kuunganisha anwani za IP zifuatazo.
Adapter IP Address Type ------------------------------------------------- eth0 172.16.16.125 Primary eth0:0 172.16.16.126 Alias 1 eth0:1 172.16.16.127 Alias 2 eth0:2 172.16.16.128 Alias 3
Ambapo :X ni nambari ya kifaa (kiolesura) cha kuunda lakabu za kiolesura eth0. Kwa kila lakabu lazima upe nambari kwa mfuatano. Kwa mfano, tunanakili vigezo vilivyopo vya kiolesura cha ifcfg-eth0 katika violesura pepe vinavyoitwa ifcfg-eth0:0, ifcfg-eth0:1 na ifcfg-eth0:2. Nenda kwenye saraka ya mtandao na uunda faili kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ # cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0:0 # cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0:1 # cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0:2
Fungua faili ifcfg-eth0 na uangalie yaliyomo.
vi ifcfg-eth0 DEVICE="eth0" BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes TYPE="Ethernet" IPADDR=172.16.16.125 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 GATEWAY=172.16.16.100 HWADDR=00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
Hapa tunahitaji tu vigezo viwili (DEVICE na IPADDR). Kwa hiyo, fungua kila faili na mhariri wa VI na ubadilishe jina la DEVICE kwa lakabu yake inayolingana na ubadilishe anwani ya IPADDR. Kwa mfano, fungua faili ifcfg-eth0:0, ifcfg-eth0:1 na ifcfg-eth0:2 kwa kutumia VI kihariri na ubadilishe vigezo vyote viwili. Hatimaye itaonekana sawa na chini.
DEVICE="eth0:0" BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes TYPE="Ethernet" IPADDR=172.16.16.126 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 GATEWAY=172.16.16.100 HWADDR=00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
DEVICE="eth0:1" BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes TYPE="Ethernet" IPADDR=172.16.16.127 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 GATEWAY=172.16.16.100 HWADDR=00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
DEVICE="eth0:2" BOOTPROTO=static ONBOOT=yes TYPE="Ethernet" IPADDR=172.16.16.128 NETMASK=255.255.255.224 GATEWAY=172.16.16.100 HWADDR=00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
Mara tu, umefanya mabadiliko yote, hifadhi mabadiliko yako yote na uanze upya/anza huduma ya mtandao ili mabadiliko yaakisike.
/etc/init.d/network restart
Ili kuthibitisha lakabu zote (kiolesura cha mtandaoni) kinaendelea na kinaendelea, unaweza kutumia amri ya ip.
ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.125 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:237 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:198 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:25429 (24.8 KiB) TX bytes:26910 (26.2 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.126 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.127 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.128 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000Ping kila mmoja wao kutoka kwa mashine tofauti. Ikiwa kila kitu kitasanidiwa kwa usahihi, utapata jibu la ping kutoka kwa kila mmoja wao.
ping 172.16.16.126 ping 172.16.16.127 ping 172.16.16.128
ping 172.16.16.126 PING 172.16.16.126 (172.16.16.126) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 172.16.16.126: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.33 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.126: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.165 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.126: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.159 ms --- 172.16.16.126 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.159/0.552/1.332/0.551 ms ping 172.16.16.127 PING 172.16.16.127 (172.16.16.127) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 172.16.16.127: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.33 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.127: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.165 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.127: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.159 ms --- 172.16.16.127 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.159/0.552/1.332/0.551 ms ping 172.16.16.128 PING 172.16.16.128 (172.16.16.128) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 172.16.16.128: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.33 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.128: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.165 ms 64 bytes from 172.16.16.128: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.159 ms --- 172.16.16.128 ping statistics --- 3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.159/0.552/1.332/0.551 ms
Inaonekana kila kitu kikifanya kazi vizuri, Ukiwa na IPs hizi mpya unaweza kusanidi tovuti pepe katika Apache, akaunti za FTP na vitu vingine vingi.
Peana Masafa ya Anwani Nyingi za IP
Ikiwa ungependa kuunda anuwai ya Anwani Nyingi za IP kwa kiolesura fulani kiitwacho ifcfg-eth0, tunatumia ifcfg-eth0-range0 na kunakili vilivyo na ifcfg-eth0 juu yake kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ cp -p ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth0-range0
Sasa fungua faili ya ifcfg-eth0-range0 na uongeze IPADDR_START na IPADDR_END anuwai ya anwani ya IP kama inavyoonyeshwa hapa chini.
vi ifcfg-eth0-range0 #DEVICE="eth0" #BOOTPROTO=none #NM_CONTROLLED="yes" #ONBOOT=yes TYPE="Ethernet" IPADDR_START=172.16.16.126 IPADDR_END=172.16.16.130 IPV6INIT=no #GATEWAY=172.16.16.100
Ihifadhi na uanze upya/anza huduma ya mtandao
/etc/init.d/network restart
Thibitisha kuwa miingiliano pepe imeundwa kwa Anwani ya IP.
ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.125 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:1385 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:1249 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:127317 (124.3 KiB) TX bytes:200787 (196.0 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.126 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:1 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.127 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:2 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.128 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:3 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.129 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
eth0:4 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:172.16.16.130 Bcast:172.16.16.100 Mask:255.255.255.224
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000Ikiwa unatatizika kusanidi, tafadhali tuma maswali yako kwenye sehemu ya maoni.