Mifano 10 ya Vitendo ya Amri ya Rsync katika Linux

Rsync (Usawazishaji wa Mbali) ndiyo amri inayotumiwa sana kunakili na kusawazisha faili na saraka kwa mbali na vile vile ndani ya mifumo ya Linux/Unix.

Kwa usaidizi wa amri ya rsync, unaweza kunakili na kusawazisha data yako ukiwa mbali na ndani katika saraka, diski na mitandao, kutekeleza hifadhi rudufu za data, na kioo kati ya mashine mbili za Linux.

Makala haya yanafafanua matumizi 10 ya kimsingi na ya kina ya amri ya rsync kuhamisha faili zako ukiwa mbali na ndani katika mashine za Linux. Huhitaji kuwa mtumiaji msingi ili kutekeleza amri ya rsync.

• Inakili na kusawazisha faili kwa ustadi au kutoka kwa mfumo wa mbali.
• Inaauni viungo, vifaa, wamiliki, vikundi na ruhusa za kunakili.
• Ni kasi zaidi kuliko scp (Nakala Salama) kwa sababu rsync hutumia itifaki ya kusasisha kwa mbali ambayo inaruhusu kuhamisha tu tofauti kati ya seti mbili za faili. Mara ya kwanza, inakili maudhui yote ya faili au saraka kutoka chanzo hadi lengwa lakini kuanzia wakati ujao, inanakili tu vizuizi vilivyobadilishwa na baiti hadi lengwa.
• Rsync hutumia utumiaji mdogo wa kipimo data kwani hutumia mbinu ya kubana na kubana huku ikituma na kupokea data katika ncha zote mbili.

# rsync options source destination

• -v : kitenzi
• -r : kunakili data kwa kujirudia (lakini usihifadhi mihuri ya muda na ruhusa wakati wa kuhamisha data.
• -a : hali ya kuhifadhi, ambayo inaruhusu kunakili faili kwa kujirudia na pia huhifadhi viungo vya ishara, ruhusa za faili, umiliki wa mtumiaji na kikundi, na mihuri ya muda.
• -z : bana data ya faili.
• -h : nambari zinazoweza kusomeka na binadamu, katika umbizo linaloweza kusomeka na binadamu.

[Unaweza pia kupenda: Jinsi ya Kusawazisha Faili/Saraka Kwa Kutumia Rsync na Mlango Usio wa kawaida wa SSH]

Sakinisha Rsync kwenye Mfumo wa Linux

Tunaweza kusakinisha kifurushi cha rsync kwa usaidizi wa amri ifuatayo katika usambazaji wako wa Linux.

$ sudo apt-get install rsync   [On Debian/Ubuntu & Mint] 
$ pacman -S rsync              [On Arch Linux]
$ emerge sys-apps/rsync        [On Gentoo]
$ sudo dnf install rsync       [On Fedora/CentOS/RHEL and Rocky Linux/AlmaLinux]
$ sudo zypper install rsync    [On openSUSE]

1. Nakili/Sawazisha Faili na Saraka Ndani Yake

Amri ifuatayo itasawazisha faili moja kwenye mashine ya ndani kutoka eneo moja hadi eneo lingine. Hapa katika mfano huu, jina la faili backup.tar linahitaji kunakiliwa au kusawazishwa kwa /tmp/backups/ folda.

 rsync -zvh backup.tar.gz /tmp/backups/

created directory /tmp/backups
backup.tar.gz

sent 224.54K bytes  received 70 bytes  449.21K bytes/sec
total size is 224.40K  speedup is 1.00

Katika mfano ulio hapo juu, unaweza kuona kwamba ikiwa mwishilio haujapatikana rsync itaunda saraka kiotomatiki kwa lengwa.

Amri ifuatayo itahamisha au kusawazisha faili zote kutoka saraka moja hadi saraka tofauti kwenye mashine moja. Hapa katika mfano huu, /root/rpmpkgs ina faili za kifurushi cha rpm na unataka saraka hiyo kunakiliwa ndani /tmp/backups/folda.

 rsync -avzh /root/rpmpkgs /tmp/backups/

sending incremental file list
rpmpkgs/
rpmpkgs/httpd-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/mod_ssl-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-4.4.6-4.el8.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-plugins-2.3.3-5.el8.x86_64.rpm

sent 3.47M bytes  received 96 bytes  2.32M bytes/sec
total size is 3.74M  speedup is 1.08

2. Nakili/Sawazisha Faili na Saraka kwenda au Kutoka kwa Seva

Amri hii itasawazisha saraka kutoka kwa mashine ya karibu hadi kwa mashine ya mbali. Kwa mfano, kuna folda kwenye kompyuta yako ya karibu \rpmpkgs iliyo na baadhi ya vifurushi vya RPM na unataka maudhui ya saraka ya ndani kutumwa kwa seva ya mbali, unaweza kutumia amri ifuatayo.

 rsync -avzh /root/rpmpkgs [email :/root/

The authenticity of host '192.168.0.141 (192.168.0.141)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:bH2tiWQn4S5o6qmZhmtXcBROV5TU5H4t2C42QDEMx1c.
This key is not known by any other names
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added '192.168.0.141' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
[email 's password: 
sending incremental file list
rpmpkgs/
rpmpkgs/httpd-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/mod_ssl-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-4.4.6-4.el8.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-plugins-2.3.3-5.el8.x86_64.rpm

sent 3.74M bytes  received 96 bytes  439.88K bytes/sec
total size is 3.74M  speedup is 1.00

Amri hii itakusaidia kusawazisha saraka ya mbali kwa saraka ya ndani. Hapa katika mfano huu, saraka /root/rpmpkgs ambayo iko kwenye seva ya mbali inanakiliwa kwenye kompyuta yako ya ndani katika /tmp/myrpms.

 rsync -avzh [email :/root/rpmpkgs /tmp/myrpms

[email 's password: 
receiving incremental file list
created directory /tmp/myrpms
rpmpkgs/
rpmpkgs/httpd-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/mod_ssl-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-4.4.6-4.el8.x86_64.rpm
rpmpkgs/nagios-plugins-2.3.3-5.el8.x86_64.rpm

sent 104 bytes  received 3.49M bytes  997.68K bytes/sec
total size is 3.74M  speedup is 1.07

3. Rsync Juu ya SSH

Kwa rsync, tunaweza kutumia SSH (Secure Shell) kwa uhamisho wa data, kwa kutumia itifaki ya SSH wakati wa kuhamisha data yetu unaweza kuhakikishiwa kuwa data yako inahamishwa katika muunganisho uliolindwa na usimbaji fiche ili hakuna mtu anayeweza kusoma data yako inapohamishwa. juu ya waya kwenye mtandao.

[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Jinsi ya Kulinda na Kuimarisha Seva ya OpenSSH ]

Pia tunapotumia rsync tunahitaji kutoa mtumiaji/nenosiri la msingi ili kukamilisha kazi hiyo mahususi, kwa hivyo kutumia chaguo la SSH itatuma logi zako kwa njia iliyosimbwa kwa njia fiche ili nenosiri lako liwe salama.

Ili kubainisha itifaki yenye rsync unahitaji kutoa \-e chaguo na jina la itifaki unalotaka kutumia. Hapa katika mfano huu, Tutakuwa tukitumia \ssh na chaguo la \-e na kutekeleza. uhamisho wa data.

 rsync -avzhe ssh [email :/root/anaconda-ks.cfg /tmp

[email 's password: 
receiving incremental file list
anaconda-ks.cfg

sent 43 bytes  received 1.10K bytes  325.43 bytes/sec
total size is 1.90K  speedup is 1.67

 rsync -avzhe ssh backup.tar.gz [email :/backups/

[email 's password: 
sending incremental file list
created directory /backups
backup.tar.gz

sent 224.59K bytes  received 66 bytes  64.19K bytes/sec
total size is 224.40K  speedup is 1.00

[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Jinsi ya Kutumia Rsync kusawazisha Faili Mpya au Zilizobadilishwa/Zilizobadilishwa katika Linux ]

4. Onyesha Maendeleo Wakati Unahamisha Data kwa rsync

Ili kuonyesha maendeleo wakati wa kuhamisha data kutoka kwa mashine moja hadi mashine tofauti, tunaweza kutumia chaguo la '-maendeleo'. Inaonyesha faili na wakati uliobaki kukamilisha uhamishaji.

 rsync -avzhe ssh --progress /root/rpmpkgs [email :/root/rpmpkgs

[email 's password: 
sending incremental file list
rpmpkgs/
rpmpkgs/httpd-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
          1.47M 100%   31.80MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#1, to-chk=3/5)
rpmpkgs/mod_ssl-2.4.37-40.module_el8.5.0+852+0aafc63b.x86_64.rpm
        138.01K 100%    2.69MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#2, to-chk=2/5)
rpmpkgs/nagios-4.4.6-4.el8.x86_64.rpm
          2.01M 100%   18.45MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#3, to-chk=1/5)
rpmpkgs/nagios-plugins-2.3.3-5.el8.x86_64.rpm
        120.48K 100%    1.04MB/s    0:00:00 (xfr#4, to-chk=0/5)

sent 3.74M bytes  received 96 bytes  1.50M bytes/sec
total size is 3.74M  speedup is 1.00

5. Matumizi ya -jumuisha na -ondoa Chaguzi

Chaguo hizi mbili huturuhusu kujumuisha na kutenga faili kwa kubainisha vigezo na chaguo hili hutusaidia kubainisha faili au saraka ambazo ungependa kujumuisha katika usawazishaji wako na kuwatenga faili na folda ambazo hutaki kuhamishwa.

Hapa katika mfano huu, amri ya rsync itajumuisha faili hizo na saraka tu ambayo huanza na 'R' na kuwatenga faili zingine zote na saraka.

 rsync -avze ssh --include 'R*' --exclude '*' [email :/var/lib/rpm/ /root/rpm

[email 's password: 
receiving incremental file list
created directory /root/rpm
./
Requirename

sent 61 bytes  received 273,074 bytes  60,696.67 bytes/sec
total size is 761,856  speedup is 2.79

6. Matumizi ya -delete Chaguo

Ikiwa faili au saraka haipo kwenye chanzo, lakini tayari iko kwenye lengwa, unaweza kutaka kufuta faili/saraka iliyopo kwenye lengwa wakati wa kusawazisha.

Tunaweza kutumia chaguo la '-delete' kufuta faili ambazo hazipo kwenye saraka ya chanzo.

Chanzo na lengwa ziko katika usawazishaji. Sasa unda faili mpya test.txt kwenye lengwa.

 cd /root/rpm/
 touch test.txt
 rsync -avz --delete [email :/var/lib/rpm/ /root/rpm/

[email 's password: 
receiving incremental file list
deleting test.txt
./
.dbenv.lock
.rpm.lock
Basenames
Conflictname
Dirnames
Enhancename
Filetriggername
Group
Installtid
Name
Obsoletename
Packages
Providename
Sha1header
Sigmd5
Suggestname
Supplementname
Transfiletriggername
Triggername
__db.001
__db.002
__db.003

sent 445 bytes  received 18,543,954 bytes  2,472,586.53 bytes/sec
total size is 71,151,616  speedup is 3.84

Target ina faili mpya inayoitwa test.txt, inapolandanisha na chanzo na chaguo la '-delete', iliondoa faili test.txt.

7. Weka Upeo wa Ukubwa wa Faili Zitakazohamishwa

Unaweza kubainisha Upeo wa ukubwa wa faili utakaohamishwa au kusawazishwa. Unaweza kufanya hivyo kwa chaguo la \–max-size.” Hapa katika mfano huu, ukubwa wa faili wa Max ni 200k, kwa hivyo amri hii itahamisha faili zile tu ambazo ni sawa na au ndogo kuliko 200k.

 rsync -avzhe ssh --max-size='200k' /var/lib/rpm/ [email :/root/tmprpm

[email 's password: 
sending incremental file list
created directory /root/tmprpm
./
.dbenv.lock
.rpm.lock
Conflictname
Enhancename
Filetriggername
Group
Installtid
Name
Obsoletename
Recommendname
Requirename
Sha1header
Sigmd5
Suggestname
Supplementname
Transfiletriggername
Triggername
__db.002

sent 129.52K bytes  received 396 bytes  28.87K bytes/sec
total size is 71.15M  speedup is 547.66

8. Futa faili za chanzo kiotomatiki Baada ya Uhamisho Uliofaulu

Sasa, tuseme una seva kuu ya wavuti na seva ya chelezo ya data, umeunda nakala rudufu ya kila siku na kuisawazisha na seva yako ya chelezo, sasa hutaki kuweka nakala hiyo ya ndani ya nakala kwenye seva yako ya wavuti.

Kwa hivyo, utasubiri uhamishaji ukamilike na kisha ufute faili hiyo ya chelezo ya ndani wewe mwenyewe? Bila shaka NO. Ufutaji huu wa kiotomatiki unaweza kufanywa kwa kutumia chaguo la '-remove-source-files'.

 rsync --remove-source-files -zvh backup.tar.gz [email :/tmp/backups/

[email 's password: 
backup.tar.gz

sent 795 bytes  received 2.33K bytes  894.29 bytes/sec
total size is 267.30K  speedup is 85.40

 ls -l backup.tar.gz

ls: cannot access 'backup.tar.gz': No such file or directory

9. Fanya Dry Run na rsync

Ikiwa wewe ni mgeni anayetumia rsync na haujui ni nini haswa amri yako itafanya. Rsync inaweza kuvuruga vitu kwenye folda lengwa na kisha kutendua inaweza kuwa kazi ya kuchosha.

[ Unaweza pia kupenda: Jinsi ya Kusawazisha Seva/Tovuti Mbili za Apache Kwa Kutumia Rsync ]

Utumiaji wa chaguo hili hautafanya mabadiliko yoyote kwa faili na unaonyesha matokeo ya amri, ikiwa matokeo yanaonyesha sawa na unayotaka kufanya basi unaweza kuondoa chaguo la '-dry-run' kutoka kwa amri yako na kukimbia kwenye terminal.

 rsync --dry-run --remove-source-files -zvh backup.tar.gz [email :/tmp/backups/

[email 's password: 
backup.tar.gz

sent 50 bytes  received 19 bytes  19.71 bytes/sec
total size is 267.30K  speedup is 3,873.97 (DRY RUN)

10. Rsync Weka Kikomo cha Bandwidth na Faili ya Uhamisho

Unaweza kuweka kikomo cha kipimo data unapohamisha data kutoka kwa mashine moja hadi nyingine kwa usaidizi wa chaguo la '-bwlimit'. Chaguo hili hutusaidia kupunguza kipimo data cha I/O.

 rsync --bwlimit=100 -avzhe ssh  /var/lib/rpm/  [email :/root/tmprpm/
[email 's password:
sending incremental file list
sent 324 bytes  received 12 bytes  61.09 bytes/sec
total size is 38.08M  speedup is 113347.05

Pia, kwa chaguo-msingi usawazishaji wa rsync ulibadilisha vizuizi na ka tu, ikiwa unataka kabisa kusawazisha faili nzima basi unatumia chaguo la '-W' nayo.

 rsync -zvhW backup.tar /tmp/backups/backup.tar
backup.tar
sent 14.71M bytes  received 31 bytes  3.27M bytes/sec
total size is 16.18M  speedup is 1.10

Ni hayo tu kwa rsync sasa, unaweza kuona kurasa za mtu kwa chaguzi zaidi. Endelea kuwasiliana na Tecmint kwa mafunzo zaidi ya kusisimua na ya kuvutia katika siku zijazo. Acha maoni na mapendekezo yako.