Amri 11 Muhimu za Linux Zinazojulikana Chini


Mstari wa amri wa Linux huvutia wengi wa Linux Enthusiastic. Mtumiaji wa kawaida wa Linux kwa ujumla ana msamiati wa takriban amri 50-60 ili kutekeleza kazi yao ya kila siku. Amri za Linux na swichi zao zinasalia kuwa hazina ya thamani zaidi kwa mtumiaji wa Linux, mtayarishaji wa programu ya Shell-script na Msimamizi. Kuna baadhi ya Amri za Linux ambazo hazijulikani sana, lakini ni muhimu sana na zinafaa bila kujali kama wewe ni Novice au Mtumiaji wa Juu.

Nakala hii inalenga kutoa mwanga kwa baadhi ya amri za Linux ambazo hazijulikani sana ambazo hakika zitakusaidia kushughulikia Eneo-kazi/Seva yako kwa ufanisi zaidi.

1. sudo !! amri

Kuendesha amri bila kutaja amri ya sudo itakupa ruhusa iliyokataliwa kosa. Kwa hivyo, hauitaji kuandika tena amri nzima tena weka tu '!!' itanyakua amri ya mwisho.

$ apt-get update

E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/apt/lists/lock - open (13: Permission denied) 
E: Unable to lock directory /var/lib/apt/lists/ 
E: Could not open lock file /var/lib/dpkg/lock - open (13: Permission denied) 
E: Unable to lock the administration directory (/var/lib/dpkg/), are you root?
$ sudo !!

sudo apt-get update 
[sudo] password for server: 
…
..
Fetched 474 kB in 16s (28.0 kB/s) 
Reading package lists... Done 
[email :~$

2. amri ya chatu

Amri iliyo hapa chini hutoa ukurasa rahisi wa wavuti juu ya HTTP kwa mti wa muundo wa saraka na inaweza kufikiwa kwenye bandari 8000 kwenye kivinjari hadi ishara ya kukatiza kutumwa.

# python -m SimpleHTTPServer

3. Amri ya mtr

Wengi wetu tunajua ping na traceroute. Vipi kuhusu kuchanganya utendakazi wa amri zote mbili kuwa moja na mtr amri. Iwapo mtr haijasakinishwa kwenye mashine yako, apt au yum kifurushi kinachohitajika.

$ sudo apt-get install mtr (On Debian based Systems)
# yum install mtr (On Red Hat based Systems)

Sasa endesha amri ya mtr ili kuanza kuchunguza muunganisho wa mtandao kati ya seva pangishi ya mtr inaendeshwa na google.com.

# mtr google.com

4. Ctrl+x+e Amri

Amri hii ni muhimu sana kwa msimamizi na watengenezaji. Ili Kurekebisha kazi ya kila siku kiotomatiki msimamizi anahitaji kufungua kihariri kwa kuandika vi, vim, nano, n.k. Vipi kuhusu kurusha kihariri papo hapo (kutoka kwenye terminal).

Bonyeza tu Ctrl-x-e kutoka kwa kidokezo cha terminal na uanze kufanya kazi katika kihariri.

5. nl Amri

nl amri nambari ya mistari ya faili. Weka nambari kwenye mistari ya faili sema ‘one.txt’ huku mistari ikisema (Fedora, Debian, Arch, Slack na Suse). Orodhesha kwanza maudhui ya faili one.txt kwa kutumia paka amri.

# cat one.txt 

fedora 
debian 
arch 
slack 
suse

Sasa endesha nl amri ili kuorodhesha kwa mtindo wa nambari.

# nl one.txt 

1 fedora 
2 debian 
3 arch 
4 slack 
5 suse

6. shuf Amri

Amri ya shuf chagua kwa nasibu mistari/faili/folda kutoka kwa faili/folda. Kwanza orodhesha yaliyomo kwenye folda kwa kutumia ls amri.

# ls 

Desktop  Documents  Downloads  Music  Pictures  Public  Templates  Videos
#  ls | shuf (shuffle Input)

Music 
Documents 
Templates 
Pictures 
Public 
Desktop 
Downloads 
Videos
#  ls | shuf -n1 (pick on random selection)

Public
# ls | shuf -n1 

Videos
# ls | shuf -n1 

Templates
# ls | shuf -n1 

Downloads

Kumbuka: Unaweza kubadilisha 'n1' kila wakati na 'n2' ili kuchagua uteuzi nasibu au nambari nyingine yoyote ya uteuzi nasibu kwa kutumia n3, n4.…

7. ss Amri

ss inasimama kwa takwimu za tundu. Amri huchunguza tundu na inaonyesha habari sawa na netstat amri. Inaweza kuonyesha TCP zaidi na habari za serikali kuliko zana zingine.

# ss 

State      Recv-Q Send-Q      Local Address:Port          Peer Address:Port   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41250        *.*.*.*:http    
CLOSE-WAIT 1      0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41393   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:36239        *.*.*.*:http    
ESTAB      310    0               127.0.0.1:8000             127.0.0.1:41384   
ESTAB      0      0           192.168.1.198:41002       *.*.*.*:http    
ESTAB      0      0               127.0.0.1:41384            127.0.0.1:8000

8. Amri ya mwisho

Amri ya mwisho inaonyesha historia ya watumiaji walioingia mwisho. Amri hii hutafuta faili /var/log/wtmp na inaonyesha orodha ya watumiaji walioingia na waliotoka pamoja na tty's.

#  last 
server   pts/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 12:03   still logged in   
server   tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02   still logged in   
…
...
(unknown tty8         :0               Tue Oct 22 12:02 - 12:02  (00:00)    
server   pts/0        :0               Tue Oct 22 10:33 - 12:02  (01:29)    
server   tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:05 - 12:02  (01:56)    
(unknown tty7         :0               Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 10:05  (00:00)    
reboot   system boot  3.2.0-4-686-pae  Tue Oct 22 10:04 - 12:44  (02:39)    

wtmp begins Fri Oct  4 14:43:17 2007

9. curl ifconfig.me

Kwa hivyo unapataje anwani yako ya IP ya Nje? Kwa kutumia google?. Kweli amri hutoa anwani yako ya nje ya IP kwenye terminal yako.

# curl ifconfig.me

Kumbuka: Huenda huna kifurushi cha curl kilichosakinishwa, lazima upate/yum ili kusakinisha kifurushi.

10. amri ya mti

Pata muundo wa saraka ya sasa katika umbizo la mti.

# tree
. 
|-- Desktop 
|-- Documents 
|   `-- 37.odt 
|-- Downloads 
|   |-- attachments.zip 

|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_0.5.11_all.deb 
|   |-- ttf-indic-fonts_1.1_all.deb 
|   `-- wheezy-nv-install.sh 
|-- Music 
|-- Pictures 
|   |-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:03:49.png 
|   `-- Screenshot from 2013-10-22 12:12:38.png 
|-- Public 
|-- Templates 
`-- Videos 

10 directories, 23 files

11. pstree

Amri hizi zinaonyesha michakato yote inayoendelea kwa sasa pamoja na mchakato wa mtoto unaohusishwa, katika umbizo la mti kama sawa na pato la amri ya 'mti'.

# pstree 
init─┬─NetworkManager───{NetworkManager} 
     ├─accounts-daemon───{accounts-daemon} 
     ├─acpi_fakekeyd 
     ├─acpid 
     ├─apache2───10*[apache2] 
     ├─at-spi-bus-laun───2*[{at-spi-bus-laun}] 
     ├─atd 
     ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon 
     ├─bluetoothd 
     ├─colord───{colord} 
     ├─colord-sane───2*[{colord-sane}] 
     ├─console-kit-dae───64*[{console-kit-dae}] 
     ├─cron 
     ├─cupsd 
     ├─2*[dbus-daemon] 
     ├─dbus-launch 
     ├─dconf-service───2*[{dconf-service}] 
     ├─dovecot─┬─anvil 
     │         ├─config 
     │         └─log 
     ├─exim4 
     ├─gconfd-2 
     ├─gdm3─┬─gdm-simple-slav─┬─Xorg 
     │      │                 ├─gdm-session-wor─┬─x-session-manag─┬─evolution-a+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gdu-notific+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-scree+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-setti+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-shell+++ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─nm-applet──+++ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─ssh-agent 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─tracker-min+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 ├─tracker-sto+ 
     │      │                 │                 │                 └─3*[{x-sessi+ 
     │      │                 │                 └─2*[{gdm-session-wor}] 
     │      │                 └─{gdm-simple-slav} 
     │      └─{gdm3} 
     ├─6*[getty] 
     ├─gnome-keyring-d───9*[{gnome-keyring-d}] 
     ├─gnome-shell-cal───2*[{gnome-shell-cal}] 
     ├─goa-daemon───{goa-daemon} 
     ├─gsd-printer───{gsd-printer} 
     ├─gvfs-afc-volume───{gvfs-afc-volume}

Hayo ni yote kwa sasa. Katika nakala yangu inayofuata ningeangazia amri zingine zisizojulikana za Linux ambazo zinaweza kufurahisha. Hadi wakati huo endelea kuwa macho na uunganishwe na Tecmint. Like na share nasi tusaidie kusambaa.

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